<p>Discovery Passage  is a channel that forms part of the Inside Passage between Vancouver Island and the Discovery Islands which lie off the British Columbia coast north of the Georgia Strait. It was named by Captain Vancouver for his ship, . Most of the eastern shoreline of the passage is Quadra Island, with Sonora Island forming the shoreline at the northern end where Discovery Passage meets Johnstone Strait. The southern end of Discovery Passage enters the Strait of Georgia. It is 25 km in length and is typically about 2 km in width, less at Seymour Narrows which lies in the lower half of Discovery Passage.</p><br>
<p>The passage is a significant shipping route as it is the preferred channel for vessels&#39; entering or leaving the Georgia Strait from the north. It forms a part of the Inside Passage shipping route.</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage, also known as Henry C. Bowen House or as Bowen Cottage, is a historic house located on Route 169 in Woodstock, Connecticut. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1992. It is described as one of the best-preserved and best-documented Gothic summer houses in the nation, with virtually intact interior decorations.</p><br>
<p>It is now owned by Historic New England, a non-profit organization that preserves the historical value of the house and operates it as a museum.</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage was built in 1846 in the Gothic Revival style as the summer home of Henry Chandler Bowen and family. The entire complex, with a boxwood parterre garden, an icehouse, garden house, carriage barn, and the nation&#39;s oldest surviving indoor bowling alley, reflects the principles of writer and designer Andrew Jackson Downing. In his widely popular books, Downing stressed practicality along with the picturesque, and offered detailed instructions on room function, sanitation, and landscaping.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1870, the largest Fourth of July celebrations in the United States were held at Roseland Cottage. Four United States Presidents visited Bowen&#39;s summer home as his guests and speakers for these celebrations: Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, and William McKinley. Other prominent visitors included Henry Ward Beecher, Julia Ward Howe, Oliver Wendell Holmes and John C. Fremont.</p><br>
<p>Today the house remains in excellent historic condition, with original Gothic furniture and embossed Lincrusta Walton wall decoration. The house, known locally as The Pink House, is currently painted coral pink, and located on Woodstock Hill Common. Roselands parterre garden contain twenty-one flowerbeds with more than 4,000 annuals bordered in boxwood, in their original 1850 pattern, and now form part of Connecticuts Historic Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The house is a contributing property within NRHP-listed Woodstock Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Camp Merrie-Woode is a non-profit residential camp for girls ages 7–17 in the western hills of North Carolina with a history started in 1919. The camp resides beneath Old Bald and alongside Fairfield Lake in Jackson County. In 2005 there were twenty-eight USA states and four foreign countries represented with 85% of campers returning the following summer. Young ladies at Camp Merrie-Woode develop confidence by participating in recreational team building activities such as river trips down the mighty Tuckaseegee River.</p><br>
<p>The lists Old Bald/Cherry Cove as one of the "significant natural areas of Jackson County" because of the forest of Northern Red Oaks in the region, as well as one of the two historic grassy balds in the county. The land is registered a USA National Heritage Area and is owned by a combination of the National Park Service, USA Forest Service, local, and private entities.</p><br>
<p>Camp Merrie-Woode operates as a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational institution.</p><br>
<p>Camp Merrie-Woode’s extraordinary natural setting has inspired a lasting appreciation of the world&#39;s beauty in thousands of girls and young women since 1919. In this friendly, non-competitive community of simplified living, each individual is valued for who she is and who she will become.</p><br>
<p>Listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Jackson County in 1995 as a national historic district, Merrie-Woode is recognized for historical and architectural significance as a historic district that has been preserved in its original Adirondack style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Dammie Day and Mary Turk</h3><br>
<p>Founded in 1919, Camp Merrie-Woode® was directed for nearly thirty years by Mrs. Jonathon C. Day of New York City and Richmond. Dammie, as she was known by campers, was born of British parents and established the old English traditions. “I knew I wanted an imaginative and meaningful name,” Dammie wrote, “and one night the name came so clearly to me- Merrie-Woode...for it is a merry wood and campers will always make it so.” Dammie’s legacy of honor and appreciation of simple living and acquiring “eyes that see” the beauty of God’s world was emphasized in activities which taught the importance of a life of service.</p><br>
<h3>The Orrs</h3><br>
<p>Following the 1951 season, the camp was sold to Mr. and Mrs. Fritz Orr of Atlanta who, with their son Fritz, Jr. and his wife, Dottie, operated Merrie-Woode until 1978. The Orrs were great outdoor enthusiasts and were especially instrumental in building strong canoeing and wilderness programs. Fritz, Jr. and Dottie&#39;s son, Fritz Orr III, grew up around Merrie-Woode and is a four-time national whitewater canoe champion.</p><br>
<h3>Hugh Caldwell and the Merrie-Woode Foundation</h3><br>
<p>Upon the Orrs&#39; retirement in 1978, Hugh Caldwell, a University of the South philosophy professor and Merrie-Woode staff member since 1952, led alumnae to form the Merrie-Woode Foundation, a non-profit corporation with the sole purpose of owning and operating Camp Merrie-Woode®. Through the generous support of the Merrie-Woode family, the Merrie-Woode Foundation purchased the camp in December 1978. With the establishment of the Merrie-Woode Foundation, the camp is now in effect owned and operated by its former campers. Dr. Caldwell served as its first director through 1985 and was followed by Art and Carolyn Kramer. The Kramers were the directors from 1985 through 1989.</p><br>
<h3>The Strayhorns</h3><br>
<p>From 1990-2002, Laurie and Gordon Strayhorn served as the executive Directors. The Strayhorns worked to maintain the historic architecture during a period of extensive renovations to many of camp&#39;s buildings and cabins.</p><br>
<h3>The Dunns</h3><br>
<p>In 2003, Denice and Jim Dunn began their tenure as directors of Camp Merrie-Woode®. The Dunns work to continue the traditions founded by their predecessors. Jim’s background is in education and Denice’s background is in engineering, bringing a well rounded cadre of skills to the foreground to continue Camp Merrie-Woodes success. The Dunns maintain their home on the grounds of Camp Merrie-Woode®.</p><br>
<h2>Camp life and traditions</h2><br>
<p>The cabins of Camp Merrie-Woode are rustic wooden structures with screened windows and electricity. A typical cabin consists of four to six campers of the same age and one or two counselors. These cabins share two modern bathhouses located directly behind the cabin line. Older campers live in larger cabins with eight to ten campers, two counselors, and built-in bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>All girls who attend Merrie-Woode wear the camp uniform. For the June and Main sessions, campers wear the traditional gray middie blouse, green tie, and dark green shorts. The uniform of the shorter August session consists of a gray Camp Merrie-Woode t-shirt and dark green shorts.</p><br>
<p>As a result of founder Dammie Day’s British heritage, the camp is built around the legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, particularly the tale of the Knights’ search for the Holy Grail. Many of the buildings around the camp take their names from these legends, such as the cabin of Camelot and the gymnasium, King Arthur’s Court. At the end of each session, the oldest campers or staff members in camp present the traditional pageant of Follow the Gleam, reenacting the search for the Holy Grail.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Camp Merrie-Woode offers more than twenty instructed activities, with a balance of traditional and adventure programming. Campers select eight activities at the June and Main sessions, while August session campers pick five to fill their schedule.</p><br>
<p>Traditional programming includes sports and nature, as well as visual and performing arts. Sports activities include archery, tennis, landsports, and tumbling. The camp offers a variety of arts classes, such as ceramics, jewelry, knitting, photography, weaving, sewing, and stained glass, as well as dance and drama in the performing arts. Adventure programming comprises the activities of boating, swimming, horseback riding, and mountaineering. Many activities have their own programs of progressive, level-based achievement, such as the Captains program in boating, the Horsemaster program in horseback riding and the King’s Player program in drama. The programs are not required, but are enjoyed by many goal-oriented campers.</p><br>
<h2>Sessions and cost</h2><br>
<p>Each summer at Merrie-Woode consists of three sessions: a three-week session at the beginning of June, a five-week Main session running through the end of July, and a ten-day August session geared toward younger and first-time campers. Apart from minor changes in atmosphere, the camp experience remains the same between each session (with the exception of minor differences mentioned above).</p><br>
<p>The table below illustrates common opening and closing dates for each session and provides the most recent cost per session.</p><br>
<p>The Mortirolo Pass   is a high mountain pass in the Alps in Italy. Also known as Passo di Foppa, it connects Mazzo di Valtellina  and Val Camonica . The road from Mazzo di Valtellina is one of the most demanding climbs in professional road bicycle racing, having been used in the Giro d&#39;Italia stage race many times.</p><br>
<p>In May 2004, while training in Italian Alps, Lance Armstrong said that it was the hardest climb he had ever ridden.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climb</h2><br>
<p>The mountain pass can be climbed by three roads, although the one from Mazzo di Valtellina is the most famous and only twice the Giro d&#39;Italia climbed the mountain from alternative sides.</p><br>
<p>From Mazzo di Valtellina: The actual climb to the summit starts at Mazzo di Valtellina and is 12.4 kilometres long at an average of 10.5% (height gain: 1300 m), the maximum gradient being 18%.</p><br>
<p>From Grosio: The actual climb to the summit starts at Grosio and is 14.8 kilometres long at an average of 8.3% (height gain: 1222 m).</p><br>
<p>From Edolo: The actual climb to the summit starts at Edolo and is 17.2 kilometres long at an average of 6.7% (height gain: 1153 m).</p><br>
<p>From Tovo di Sant&#39;Agata: The actual climb to the summit starts at Tovo and is 11.4 kilometres long at an average of 10.5% (height gain: 1194 m).</p><br>
<h2>Giro d'Italia</h2><br>
<p>The Mortirolo Pass has featured several times in the Giro dItalia, usually as the last or penultimate climb before the finish. The first time was in Stage 15 of the 1990 Giro dItalia, between Morbegno and Aprica, starting from Edolo. Due to the steepness of the descent and the crashes that were occurring, the organisers decided to climb this mountain starting from Mazzo in subsequent years.</p><br>
<p>Since the death of Marco Pantani in 2004, stages of the Giro that go over the Mortirolo feature a special prize to the first man at the top of the pass, called Cima Pantani ("Pantani Top"). A monument to Marco Pantani was erected in 2006 by the Italian Professional Riders Association in the eighth kilometre of the road from Mazzo di Valtellina.</p><br>
<h2>First rider passing Mortirolo in Giro d'Italia</h2><br>
<p>The Valyavishki Lakes  is a group of lakes in the northern parts Pirin, southwestern Bulgaria and includes 10 lakes. They are amphitheatrically situated in the cirque of the same name. The lakes are glacial and lie on a granite bed. They are located between 2,300 and 2,475 m. Their shores are steep and rocky. Pine-scrub grows around the lakes due to the high altitude.</p><br>
<p>Trout is abundant in the waters. There have been attempts to introduce the Brook trout into the lakes. The higher lakes drain into the lower ones due to their step-like situation. The group is the source of the Valyavitsa river which is a main tributary to the Demyanitsa river.</p><br>
<p>The largest lake by area is the Big lake which is located at an altitude of 2379 m. It is 18 meters deep. The big lake is 270 m wide and 480 m long with an area of 81,5 decares. The lake is situated in the vicinity of the Valyavishki Chukar peak.</p><br>
<p>The Valyavishki lakes are among the main tourist attractions in the area. The closest hut is the Demyanitsa refuge at 2 hour from the lakes.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Lake Mary may refer to one of two reservoirs in northern Arizona, southeast of Flagstaff. The name may also be used to refer to the two lakes as a whole. The pair of lakes impound the intermittent Walnut Creek upstream from Walnut Canyon. Recreational facilities at both lakes are maintained under the authority of the Coconino National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Upper Lake Mary</h2><br>
<p>Upper Lake Mary, the further upstream of the two lakes, is formed by a small earthen dam on Walnut Creek. The lake is long and narrow, with a maximum length of about 5 miles (8 km), and a maximum width of about 2,000 feet (610 meters). During dry seasons the lake will narrow and shorten. The lake is named after Mary Riordan, a daughter of the wealthy lumber barons who built the lake in 1905 for a water supply for Flagstaff.</p><br>
<p>Upper Lake Mary is also stocked with several fish species for angling, including crappie, sunfish, channel catfish, northern pike and walleye. Largemouth bass, yellow bass and yellow perch are sometimes reported to be found in the lake, as well.</p><br>
<h2>Lower Lake Mary</h2><br>
<p>Lower Lake Mary is the second reservoir in the system, located just downstream of the upper lake. It is the smaller of two lakes, reaching a maximum length of 3 miles (5 km) during wet seasons. At its maximum capacity, the lake fills the valley from the small earthen dam at its head to the foot of the dam holding back Upper Lake Mary. During dry seasons, however, the lake has a tendency to dry up completely, except for small pools along the dam.</p><br>
<p>Due to its tendency to dry up, the lake does not have the water sports appeal of its upstream sibling. The lake is regularly stocked with fish, including rainbow trout, sunfish and channel catfish. During particularly wet years when the lake remains full for an extended period of time, northern pike may be stocked, as well.</p><br>
<p>Both lakes are also home to populations of elk and deer. The waters themselves attract various bird species including great blue heron and the bald eagle. During the warmer summer months, the region becomes a popular destination for birdwatchers.</p><br>
<p>The Uluguru Mountains are a mountain range in eastern Tanzania, named after the Luguru tribe. The main portion of the Uluguru Mountains is a ridge running roughly north-south and rising to 2,630 m altitude at its highest point. On the main Uluguru range, 50 villages touch the forest boundary and over 151,000 people are found within the mountain area, often at increasing densities at higher altitudes up to the forest boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Ulugurus lie 200 km inland from the Indian Ocean. They are part of a chain of mountains in eastern Africa collectively called the Eastern Arc Mountains, which include the Taita Hills, Pare Mountains, Usambara Mountains, Nguru Mountains, Rubeho, Ukaguru, Udzungwa Mountains and Mahenge Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation of the Uluguru main ridge and the outlying blocks is extremely variable. It ranges from drier lowland coastal forest habitats, to transitional rainforests, to sub-montane, montane and upper montane forest types.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Climatically, the Uluguru mountains capture moisture passing inland from the Indian Ocean and the east facing slopes are especially wet, with rainfall estimated at over 3,000 mm per annum, with some rain falling in every month.</p><br>
<h2>Water Catchment</h2><br>
<p>The forests of the mountains provide the water catchment areas for the streams and rivers. This water flows mainly from the forest-capped peaks of the Ulugurus with the streams joining to form the Ruvu river, which provides the water supply to the city of Dar es Salaam. Most of the neighboring population, around 3 million people, and the major industries in Tanzania rely on this water supply for their continued survival. The loss of the Uluguru forests and any reduction in water supply potential of the mountains could therefore have a drastic impact on the human well-being and the industrial capacity of Tanzania.</p><br>
<h2>Local people</h2><br>
<p>The local people of the Ulugurus are the Waluguru tribe people. They have been living in the mountains for several hundred years, coming from other areas of Tanzania. The land ownership is through the female line and women are powerful in village life, in contrast to other tribes in Tanzania where men own the land and make most of the decisions about its use and management.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>In the Ulugurus are home to more than 100 plants, 2 birds, 2 mammals, 4 reptiles and 6 amphibians which are known from nowhere else in the world. In addition to these there are a large number of additional species which are only shared with one or two other Eastern Arc mountains, and hence are globally rare. The endemic species include African Violets, Impatiens and Begonias which are popular pot-plants in the rest of the world.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The mountains attracts many tourists to the area, particularly due to the mountains&#39; proximity to the former capital and economic center of Tanzania, the city of Dar es Salaam.</p><br>
<p>Vellarimala is a mountain range in Kerala, India, spread across Thiruvambady Panchayat in Kozhikode district and Meppadi Panchayat in Wayanad district.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Vellarimala forms a part of a high hill range of what is otherwise known as Camel&#39;s Hump Mountains, a part of the Western Ghats. Most of the hill range falls in the Meppadi Forest Range of South Wayanad Division, with some parts falling in the Thamarassery Range of Kozhikode Division. They are semi-contiguous with Nilgiris or Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu, separated by the Chaliyar Valley. The plateau of Wayanad lies on the eastern slopes of these hills and merges gradually with the Mysore plateau. The hill ranges are accessible by foot from Muthappanpuzha, near Anakkampoyil, a small town about 50 km from Kozhikode. About 6 km by foot from Muthappanpuzha on the way to Vellarimala hills is the waterfall called Olichuchattam. It is situated 15 km from Thiruvambady. KSRTC Bus Services are available from Thiruvambady to Anakkampoyil and Muthappanpuzha. Swargam Kunnu is also situated here. Vellarimala - Swargam Kunnu - Masthakappara - Olichuchattam - Marippuzha - Muthappanpuzha Trekking is available with forest permission. Now road is available from Thiruvambady to Marippuzha.</p><br>
<p>This block of compact high mountains is floristically and faunistically similar to the Nilgiri Hills.</p><br>
<p>The tallest peak in this range is called Vavul Mala. At an altitude of 2339m, it is the tallest of the Western Ghats to the north of Nilgiri Hills.</p><br>
<p>The Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County Thematic Resources is the title for a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register of Historic Places in the USA state of Illinois. Originally the submission included nine separate bridges throughout Fulton County; however, since the Metal Highway Bridges&#39; inclusion on the Register in 1980, more than half of those bridges have been destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>The nine bridges are all located in rural settings. Away from cities and towns, the bridges were all located along dirt roads, though they were still all accessible by automobile save one. Even so, they were really only accessible in dry weather as rain renders many Illinois dirt roads impassable for the average car.</p><br>
<p>The original submission consisted of nine steel truss highway bridges in Fulton County, of nearly identical construction, spanning the Spoon River. They were located in or near various communities, and were collectively admitted to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The nine bridges included with the original listing are: Seville Bridge, Bernadotte Bridge, Buckeye Bridge, London Mills Bridge, Babylon Bend Bridge, Elrod Bridge, Duncan Mills Bridge, Tartars Ferry Bridge and Indian Ford Bridge. Of the nine, five have been destroyed since the listing on the Register in 1980. Four of the bridges &ndash; Tartars Ferry, Bernadotte, Buckeye and Elrod &ndash; were located near Smithfield, Illinois. Of those four, only the Bernadotte Bridge remains. The Indian Ford Bridge and London Mills bridge were both located around London Mills, Illinois; neither still stands. The other three bridges &ndash; Babylon Bend, Seville, and Duncan Mills &ndash; were located near Ellisville, Seville and Lewistown, Illinois. Of those, only the Duncan Mills Bridge has been demolished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The location of Fulton County in Illinois</p><br>
<p>The nine bridges that make up the Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County were all constructed between c. 1880 and c. 1915. All nine bridges were and are located on county and township roads in rural settings, and are all very similar in their construction materials and methods. They are early examples of steel truss bridges in Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The bridges in Fulton County exhibit two types of steel truss bridge construction, Pratt bridge and Parker, which were the most common early types of steel truss bridges. Due to variation within each type of bridge, the collection in Fulton County offered a unique opportunity to view the evolution of late 19th and early 20th century steel truss bridge construction. For example, the now-demolished London Mills Bridge, a Pratt built in 1883, features pinned connection and double eyebars for the lower chord and for the diagonals. This is compared to the also destroyed Indian Ford Bridge, a Pratt bridge built in 1917, which used riveted connections and I-beam construction for its lower chords and diagonals.</p><br>
<p>Each of the bridges utilized similar construction materials; each one is/was almost all steel, with the possible exception of the London Mills Bridge and the Seville Bridge. Those two bridges—only the Seville still stands—are mostly steel but may include some iron construction due to their age. The bottom chords of the bridges range from 140 ft to 200 ft and the width averages 16 ft. In their massing, each bridge displays the lightness characteristic to metal bridges of the time period, although the later bridges began to exhibit characteristics more associated with modern steel truss bridges.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction</h3><br>
<p>The Elrod Bridge was completely destroyed by an F-4 tornado that moved through Fulton county during a 1995 tornado outbreak.</p><br>
<h3>Significance</h3><br>
<p>Together, the nine steel truss bridges stood out because of their proximity to each other within Fulton County. Indeed, they also held historical significance for their age and as examples of early steel truss bridge construction; but it is rare to find such a concentrated collection of so clearly related sites. When they were nominated for the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, before some were destroyed, they were the subject of local tours by canoe and road.</p><br>
<p>Saray-Jük  / Sarai-Dzhuk  or Kishi Saray  in the Kazakh language, Saraychyq  in modern Tatar, and Saray Maly  literally "Little Sarai", to distinguish it from Old Sarai, was a medieval city on the border between Europe and Asia. It was located 50 km north Atyrau on the lower Ural River, near the modern village of Sarayshyq, Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan. The city lay on an important trade route between Europe and China and flourished between the 10th and 16th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until recently it was believed that Saray-Jük was founded by Batu Khan who was one of king of Mongol Empire, but archeological excavations have revealed that the city was founded as early as the 10th or 11th century. In the 13th century Saray-Jük became an important trade center and was one of the biggest cities of the Golden Horde (Golden Palace). The ruins of the suburb Aqtöbe, located near Atyrau were preserved until the 20th century. The city had a ceramic water-pipe and both metallurgy and pottery were also developed. Neighboring populations were agriculturist or fishermen.</p><br>
<p>The Moroccan traveller, Ibn Battuta, passed though the town in around 1333 on his way from New Sarai to Delhi. At the time the river was spanned by a bridge of boats. While in the town Ibn Battuta sold his horses and purchased camels to draw his wagons on the next stage of his journey to Konye-Urgench. Neighborhoods of the city were a popular resort among the Golden Horde&#39;s nobility.</p><br>
<p>After the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 14th century the city fell into decay: in 1395 it was ruined by Timur, but it was rebuilt in the 1430s-1440s. It remained the main city of the Nogai Horde. The Kazakh khan also had headquarters there later. In 1580 or 1581 it was ruined by "thief Cossacks"—that is, Cossacks uncontrolled by the Russian government.</p><br>
<h2>Ruins</h2><br>
<p>The remains of buildings, workshops and others are situated at the bank of Ural River, which is washing away the ruins. In 1999 a memorial complex was established on the site by Kazakhstani authorities.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Nsumbu National Park  lies on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika near its southern extremity, in Zambia&#39;s Northern Province. It covers about 2000 km² and has some 80 km of lake shore including four bays , and Nundo Head Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>There are two active lodges on Lake Tanganyika, Nkamba (an exclusive lodge within the Nsumbu National Park), and Ndole Bay just north of the park. Kasaba Bay Lodge closed down in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Sumbu offers game viewing combined with sports fishing on the lake, and a beautiful landscape. The lake shore includes rocky cliffs, the balancing rocks, sandy beaches, and pristine waters, with views to the mountainous eastern shore of the lake. Swimming is discouraged as crocodile and hippo are common. Nkamba Bay Lodge located in the park offers game drives, canoeing, sports fishing, walks, overnight trails and boating safaris.</p><br>
<p>The park lies mainly in the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands ecoregion, but also includes patches of the rare and endangered and almost impenetrable Itigi-Sumbu thicket.</p><br>
<p>The Lufubu River cuts a 300 m deep valley in the south of the park but this is only accessible via rough tracks from Mbala to the south-east.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Until the late 1960s Kasaba Bay Lodge was accessible only by air, or boat from Mpulungu, and catered to wealthy and international visitors. The Mporokoso District authorities had a humble guesthouse at Sumbu Bay, reached by a gravel road from Mporokoso. In the early 1970s this road was connected to Kasaba Bay Lodge, and a new lodge was built at Nkamba Bay.</p><br>
<p>At that time and into the 1970s, Sumbu was considered to be, with South Luangwa and Kafue, one of the best national parks of Zambia, with elephants and lions being common.</p><br>
<p>Game numbers in the park declined in the 1980s and 1990s due to a lack of management exacerbated by the cutback of the country&#39;s domestic airline which used to fly visitors to the park. Its remoteness by road and proximity to war and conflict in the DR Congo, the land border of which is only 25 km to the north, deterred visitors.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>There has been some refurbishment in recent years and game numbers are said to be rising again.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the gravel road from Kawambwa or Kasama via Mporokoso was reported to be in good condition, as was the gravel road from the Luapula River valley via Kaputa on Lake Mweru Wantipa. Construction of a gravel road from Mbala to Kasaba Bay was started in 2010 and is planned for completion in ealry 2011, including a new bridge over the Lufubu river. The bitumen road from Kasama - Mbala, through to Mpulungu was resurfaced in 2009 and is now in good condition.</p><br>
<p>The Zambian National Fishing Competition takes place at Nkamba and Ndole Bay Lodges in March or April every year.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Crocodile, hippopotamus, bushbuck, warthog, puku, roan antelope, sable antelope, eland, hartebeest, buffalo, zebra, spotted hyena, side-striped jackal, serval, impala, waterbuck, Reedbuck, elephant (occasionally), lion (occasionally), leopard (occasionally), blue duiker (rare), sitatunga (rare)</p><br>
<h3>Birdlife</h3><br>
<p>Flamingo, African skimmer, spoonbill, whiskered tern, stork, duck, heron, grey-headed gull, lesser black-backed gull, white-winged black tern, fish eagle, palmnut vulture (occasionally), Pel&#39;s fishing owl (occasionally)</p><br>
<h3>Angling</h3><br>
<p>Nile perch, goliath tigerfish, vundu catfish, lake salmon, yellow belly or nkupi, golden perch (occasionally)</p><br>
<p>Derventio or Derventio Coritanorum was a small town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Little Chester, on the outskirts of Derby, located in the English county of Derbyshire.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The first Roman fort in the area was built on the opposite bank of the River Derwent at Strutts Park. It was replaced about AD 80 by a fort on the present site, but this only lasted about forty years, then was decommissioned. There was extensive Roman activity prompted by the fort, which was connected westward by a road to the Icknield Street, and to the east by a road to Sawley on the River Trent. A fort-vicus which manufactured pottery and did ironworking was founded 600m to the east on the Sawley Road. The fort was later re-occupied and re-used for a further twenty five years. The defensive bank and timber palisade were now remodelled and stone gates built. Then it lay unoccupied until the late 3rd century when a stone wall was built around the town. It did not outlive the end of the 4th century.</p><br>
<p>The modern Old Chester Road bisects the site of the fort, and in the nineteenth century the south east corner was cut by a line of the Great Northern Railway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This part of Britannia was occupied by a tribe known as the Cornovii. In AD 46-47 the Roman Army under the direction of governor Aulius Plautius had probably occupied the lands to the south of the River Trent, so in AD 50 this was the front line. There is a shortage of written documentation about these years so reliance is made on archaeological excavations.Late in 47 the new governor of Britain, Ostorius Scapula, began a campaign against the tribes of modern-day Wales, and the Cheshire Gap. During these times Strutts Park Roman fort, was one of the new forts built along the new supply road from Wroxeter to Rossington.</p><br>
<p>The campaign to conquer the Silures continued under the governor Quintus Veranius and his successor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus but by now Strutt Parks rôle was to maintain the peace. Around AD 74, the lands north of the River Mersey became unstable, when Queen Cartimandus had to ask for Roman assistance to fight off a rebellion. Then in AD78, Gnaeus Julius Agricola, made famous through the highly laudatory biography of him written by his son-in-law, Tacitus, was made governor. He consolidated the forts, improved the road infrastructure and led some now well documented campaigns- firstly in AD78, he reconquered North Wales, then in AD79 he conquered the Brigantes and Parisii taking all of Northern England up to the present Scottish border. Strutts Park fort was vacated in AD 80 when Derventio was built.</p><br>
<p>Derventio was occupied for 40 years until around 120AD. To put this in context, the Emperor Hadrian visited Britannia in AD120 and ordered his wall to be built. Though Britannia always had a large garrison, focus now changed to industrial production. Derby produced pottery and had access to the lead mining to the north in the Peak District, later it became a centre for metalworking. This continued for the next 200 years.</p><br>
<p>Association Island is a 65 acre island located at the northern tip of Stony Point, a peninsula on the eastern shore of Lake Ontario. A part of the Town of Henderson, New York in Jefferson County, the island is about 16 mi southwest of Watertown. A 1,300 ft two-lane causeway connects the island to the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Association Island was once part of a continuous protrusion of land known in the 19th century as Six Town Point. The name was in reference to the town of Henderson being recorded as the sixth of 11 unnamed towns that were delineated during a 1796 survey of the Black River Tract. Erosion from Lake Ontario waves divided Six Town Point into several small islands at some time prior to 1898.</p><br>
<p>A fort of French construction briefly existed upon Six Town Point during the 18th century. It is uncertain exactly who constructed the fort, and precisely when it was constructed</p><br>
<p>In 1905 the National Electric Light Association bought the island, which resulted in the name "Association Island". NELA management used it for meetings. General Electric, after it acquired NELA in 1911, also used the island for company meetings.</p><br>
<p>The Elfun Society, a management organization and think-tank within General Electric, was founded on the island in 1928. The society&#39;s logo was a drawing of a large elm tree from the island. General Electric donated the island to the YMCA in 1959,</p><br>
<p>After receiving the island in 1959, the YMCA ran a boy&#39;s summer camp on the island for several years until abandoning it after 1967.</p><br>
<p>A non-profit group ran sailing and wind boarding competitions on the island in the 1970s. The US sailing team was based there while preparing for the 1976 Montreal Olympics, which held sailing competitions at Kingston, Ontario, about 30 mi to the north.</p><br>
<p>The island became a privately owned RV park and resort in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>In Popular Culture</h2><br>
<p>Kurt Vonnegut based some of the material in his 1952 novel Player Piano on General Electrics meetings and activities at the island, and claimed that the island was "shut down" after the book was widely read in Schenectady, New York, the location of the companys headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Cleaves House is a historic house on South High Street in Bridgton, Maine, United States. Built in 1828, it is a well-preserved late example of Federal period architecture, and is most notable for the murals drawn on its walls, probably by the itinerant artist Rufus Porter. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cleaves House is located on the west side of South High Street, between Bridgton Hospital and Tuttle Lane. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, two interior chimneys, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. Its main facade is symmetrical, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a segmental louvered fan. A hip-roofed porch extends across the southern facade, and a telescoping series of ells extend from the rear of the main block to join it to a large barn. The house interior has a narrow central hall with winding staircase, and parlor rooms in front to either side. Both the hall and the northeast parlor walls have painted murals, depicting country and coastal scenes.</p><br>
<p>The house is believed to have been built about 1828 for Benjamin Cleaves, a local tinsmith. It is a well-preserved late example of Federal period architecture, a form of which Bridgton only has a few examples. The murals on its walls are attributed to Rufus Porter, and are believed to have been painted between 1830 and 1835. The subject material and form of the murals is stylistically with guidelines published by Porter in his 1825 publication Curious Arts, and uses a more bold color palette than his earlier work.</p><br>
<p>The Bridgton Public Library, formerly the Dalton Holmes Davis Memorial Library, is the public library of Bridgton, Maine. It is located at 1 Church Street, in an architecturally distinguished Classical Revival building designed by Harry S. Coombs and built in 1913. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The library is at the corner of Main and Church Streets in Bridgtons village center, and is oriented with its main entrance north, toward Main Street. It is a single-story masonry structure, built out of brick with stone trim elements. It is set on a raised foundation, with a flight of stairs leading to the main entrance, flanked by low parapets on which are mounted original wrought iron lamp posts with globular lights. The entrance is centered on the main facade, with a transom window above that is sheltered by a decorative bracketed hood. This is flanked by projecting pilaster-like brick shafts, with narrow windows set at their centers. The buildings corners have brick quoining, and it is topped by a hip roof. The side elevations have bowed windows, and the rear is taken up by a wide rectangular extension that houses the book stacks. The interior retains original woodwork and fixtures, and is organized with a central librarians desk, reading rooms to either side, and the stacks to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The first libraries in the town of Bridgton were subscription libraries, the oldest documented one dating to 1819. The present Bridgton Library Corporation was established in 1895, and its collection was held in commercial spaces until the present building was built in 1913. It was designed by Lewiston architect Harry S. Coombs, and was the third of four he is known to have designed. The fourth, that for the Wilton Free Public Library, is nearly identical to this one.</p><br>
<h2>Organization and finances</h2><br>
<p>The library is managed by a non-governmental body founded in 1895, and is supported in part by the town. Every July 4, the 4 mile Four on the Fourth Road Race is held to raise funds for the library.</p><br>
<p>Dix Hill is the informal name for a high, rolling expanse of land and national historic district located at Raleigh, North Carolina. The district encompasses 18 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures. It includes notable examples of Colonial Revival, Bungalow / American Craftsman, and Stick Style / Eastlake Movement architecture. The Dorothea Dix Hospital, a historic institution caring for the mentally ill, was located on the site. The hospital buildings were developed between about 1856 and 1940.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Dix Hill is referred to in David Sedariss novel Naked. It also appears in James Hursts short story "The Scarlet Ibis" (first published July 1960 in The Atlantic Monthly).</p><br>
<p>Starling Dodd is a fell in the western part of the English Lake District, located between the valleys of Ennerdale and Buttermere, on the ridge between Great Borne to its west and Red Pike to its east. Not visible from Buttermere and rounded in profile, Starling Dodd is a relatively unfrequented top.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Starling Dodd stands on the northern branch, dividing Buttermere and Ennerdale.</p><br>
<p>The Buttermere–Ennerdale watershed runs north-west from Haystacks, climbing over High Crag, High Stile and Red Pike, the three fells of Buttermere Edge. The ridge then loses its craggy character, swinging westerly over the grassy Starling Dodd to its terminus at Great Borne.</p><br>
<p>The western ridge of Red Pike swings down, away from the craggy Buttermere front of Ling Cove, and then rises to the subsidiary top of Little Dodd (1,935 ft). This is generally considered to be a part of Red Pike, the territory of Starling Dodd beginning at the next depression westward. A short climb on grass then leads to the summit, a rounded, but quite shapely grassy dome sitting atop a broad ridge. Gentle slopes fall westward along the watershed, interrupted only by the slight rise of Gale Fell (1,699 ft), a trivial summit listed only by Birkett. Rough grass on the facing slope leads up to the rockier environs of Great Borne.</p><br>
<p>The southern flanks of Starling Dodd are heavily wooded below 1,000 ft, part of the extensive conifer plantations of the Ennerdale Forest. Within the forest is Latterbarrow (895 ft), a parallel lower ridge which diverts some of Starling Dodds streams further west than might be expected. North of the summit dome, Starling Dodd levels into a wide plateau before disappearing over a steep rim of minor crags. At the base of this fall is the tenuous topographical connection to Mellbreak, a low watershed dividing Starling Dodds northern drainage into widely differing catchments. That to the west of the summit flows into the marshy valley of Mosedale, travelling all around Mellbreak to enter Crummock Water via Park Beck. The north-eastern quarter takes a direct line into the lake, dropping down the craggy face via Scale Force. This is believed to be the highest single waterfall in the District, dropping around 100 ft down a narrow cleft.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Starling Dodd is formed by rocks of the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. Surrounding it on almost all sides are the granophyric granites of the Ennerdale Intrusion.</p><br>
<p>The steep northern slopes were the site of iron mines, operated in the late nineteenth century. One of the levels can still be found near the foot of Scale Force. All work had ceased by 1877.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The smooth grassy top bears a sizeable cairn, reinforced by many iron posts and fittings salvaged from the Ennerdale Fence. A recent photograph shows that many have been added since Alfred Wainwright drew the cairn in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Ennerdale Water is well seen from the summit, with parts of the lakes of Crummock Water and Loweswater also visible. High Stile hides part of the arc of the Western Fells, but Pillar and its neighbours make a fine panorama. The North Western Fells are also seen across Crummock Water.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Loweswater village can be used as a base, although this then requires a full traverse of marshy Mosedale. Red Gill can then be followed to reach the plateau. The same point can also be reached from Buttermere village or Ennerdale by using Floutern Pass. This is not without bogs either. Indirect ascents along the ridge from either direction are probably more common.</p><br>
<h2>Wainwright's Pictorial Guides</h2><br>
<p>In his concluding notes in the seventh and final volume of the Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells, Wainwright wrote that Starling Dodd was the final fell he climbed during his research for the books. As such, some Wainwright-baggers save Starling Dodd to be their last Wainwright fell in honour of this.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ishiba Ngandu is a picturesque lake very close to the watershed between the Luangwa and Chambeshi River basins in the Northern Province of Zambia, and just on the Chambeshi side. Its name in the Bemba language means lake of the royal crocodile&#39;. Though small by central African standards, being about 5 km long and up to 1.5 km wide, it is widely known locally and, more recently, internationally.</p><br>
<p>Firstly it is important to the Bemba people as the country in which, in the late 17th Century, Chitimukulu of the Ng&#39;andu (crocodile) Clan came across a dead crocodile, and taking this as an omen, settled his people after their wanderings from the Lunda Kingdom 1,000 km to the east.</p><br>
<p>Secondly it has been made internationally famous for being the inspiration for the nearby Shiwa Ngandu estate built by Stewart Gore-Browne, who used a variant spelling of the name.</p><br>
<p>The lake was visited by the missionary explorer David Livingstone whose dog was taken by a crocodile there. The area supported large populations of game animals until the middle of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Kapishya hot springs 20 km away have chalets and a campsite.</p><br>
<p>Lake Galena is a reservoir in Peace Valley Park, Pennsylvania, in the United States, created in 1974 by the damming of the north branch of the Neshaminy Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History and Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Galena in its current form was created when the county (Bucks) flooded the lake in 1972. Before that time, much of the lakebed had been part of the village of Leven, the economy of which was based largely on lead ore (galena) mining. Mining of galena (in addition to small amounts of zinc, silver, copper and gold) had been mildly successful since the property was purchased in 1861.</p><br>
<p>A marker was erected in 1998 to commemorate the area&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The lake is supplemented by water from the Delaware River Point Pleasant Diversion Project for the purpose of augmenting public drinking water supplies for approximately 150,000 people in Bucks and Montgomery counties. The water supply intake is downstream of the dam at the confluence of Pine Run and North Branch Neshaminy Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Peace Valley Park</h2><br>
<p>Lake Galena is surrounded on all sides by Peace Valley Park. The park has a number of trails around the perimeter for walkers, cyclists and riders. Other activities include canoeing, fishing, and sailing. The distance around the lake is approximately 8 mi, and an annual "Friends of the Dove" 10K race is held at the lake every summer in August.</p><br>
<h2>Pop Culture</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, Doylestown band Balance and Composure released a song titled "Galena" on their album "Separation", which is in honor of a friend who died the year prior in a car accident.</p><br>
<p>Dzhengal  is a peak on the Bulgarian Pirin mountain range. It is situated in one of the external ridges of the mountain, the Polejan Ridge, between the Dzhengal Gate and Momin Dvor Peak and towers to the west of the Popovo Lake. It is 2,730 m high, which places it in the top 10 peaks in the range.</p><br>
<p>Dzhengal is a granite peak that can be climbed from three points. The easiest track starts from the Samodivski Lakes and ascends towards Momin Dvor. The other ways are more difficult and require fine preparation and experience.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>According to the most popular version, the name derives from the Turkish word dzhangal which means sheep without lamb. When the herds were sheared, those sheep were marked with pendants. If the peak is viewed from the Bezbog refuge it looks like there is a pendant attached to it.</p><br>
<p>Another legend says that the peak is named after the son of God Perun, Dzhengal. When the evil god Bes (Bez) decided to kidnap Perun&#39;s daughter while she was playing around the Samodivski Lakes, her brother guessed his intention and, after a fierce fight, defeated Bez and covered him with stones on the Bezbog Peak (which in Bulgarian means God Bez or without God)</p><br>
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<p>Hay Street United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located at Fayetteville, Cumberland County, North Carolina. It was the first Methodist church constructed in the city.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was received into the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1808 by Bishop Francis Asbury and it was completed on June 23, 1835. The current structure was built in 1908, one hundred years after the official organization of the church. It is a brick church with three corner towers in the Late Gothic Revival style. The building is known for its elaborate stained glass windows, which feature the lost art of the "robing glass" technique. Renovations to the structure last took place in 1978, including the installation of a Holkamp Organ.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The church constructed a new Family Life Center which was completed in 2007. The Rev. David J. Blackman currently serves as pastor.</p><br>
<p>Piracy in the British Virgin Islands was prevalent during the so-called "Golden Age of Piracy", mainly during the age of 1690-1730. Privateering was also widely practised in the jurisdiction throughout frequent colonial wars, not least by emancipated slaves who, with in preference to back-breaking labour in the fields for pitiful wages, took enormous risks to capture fortunes on the seas with the sanction of the Crown. In 1808, Patrick Colquhoun, a prize agent for the Territory spoke of "the most daring outrages which are frequently committed by people of colour."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little is formally recorded relating to the actual piratical activities that took place in the British Virgin Islands, simply because of the nature of the activity. Whilst Royal Naval and merchant vessels of the period were required to write accurate accounts of their voyage known as "The Log", it was within the best interests of a vessel engaged in piracy to keep their activities as secret as possible. In the event of capture, the log of pirate vessel would almost certainly be enough to consign the crew to the gallows so consequently, no records were kept.</p><br>
<h3>All In A Name</h3><br>
<p>This does not detract however from the certain fact that pirate vessels would have used the Virgin Islands as a place to hide and recuperate after their activities at sea. The mass of islands and inlets that make up the physical terrain of the Virgin Islands would have been perfect for avoiding detection and would have given the pirates a chance to refit their ships, ready for their next voyage on the account. The names of places in the British Virgin Islands indicates that this would have been the case. "Freebooters Point" on Anegada leaves little to the imagination and on an old sea chart of the Territory, marked under the former name, is written the legend so called by ye Freebooters from the gold and silver supposed to be buried there after the wreck of a Spanish galleon.</p><br>
<p>Norman Island is reputed to be named after Captain Norman, a pirate who was eventually apprehended and hanged by the Spanish Guarda Costas, the historical coast guard for Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<p>Bellamy Cay, now home to the popular restaurant/bar "The Last Resort", is named after "Black Sam" Bellamy, a noted pirate who captured over 50 vessels in just over a year. During much of his short career, he used this islet (then named Blanco Islet) as his base of operations, relying on the protection of the surrounding bay while maintaining their fleet of ships. Bellamy soon learned that from this location, ships could be seen (and then ambushed) while sailing through the Sir Francis Drake Channel – named for the famed privateer, Sir Francis Drake.</p><br>
<p>Just over the headland, on Beef Island lies Hamm&#39;s Creek, named after a known associate of Captain William Kidd, who eventually renounced his former life of piracy with the famous captain and settled on Beef Island.</p><br>
<h3>Fifteen Men On The Dead Man’s Chest</h3><br>
<p>Along with the facts we find a certain amount of legend, the most famous of which is probably the Territorys association with the famous pirate Blackbeard. Blackbeard was known by a number of names including Edward Teach, giving the island its name. These men were supposed to have tried to swim to the adjacent Peter Island but drowned, hence the name Dead Mans Bay on Peter Island.</p><br>
<p>The reality is that there is no documentary evidence to support any of this and academically speaking, there is no proof to show that Blackbeard ever sailed through the Virgin Islands. It is known that Blackbeard did maroon some of his pirates but this happened in the Bahamas and not the Virgin Islands. More conclusive is the fact that a map from the early 18th century shows that Dead Chest Island was known by this name far earlier than when Blackbeard was operating, which was only between the years 1716-18.</p><br>
<h3>Treasure Island</h3><br>
<p>The Blackbeard myth was perpetuated in the BVI when Robert Louis Stevenson wrote his now famous book "Treasure Island". In the book is the famous song mentioning Deadchest and some suggest that Stevenson based his Treasure Island on Norman Island. Included on his Treasure Island is a hill known as Spyglass Hill which is actually the highest peak on Norman Island. However, there are many rival claimants as the inspiration for the eponymous island. The reality is though that whilst researching his book, Stevenson probably chose a group of islands that suited his story from a sea chart. He would most likely have taken their names and adapted them for his own purpose. His diaries show that he never visited the BVI, and the BVI claim is largely based upon a "seafaring uncle" having recounted the story of the Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe to a young Robert Louis Stevenson.</p><br>
<p>Acts of piracy were committed in the BVI and the documentary resource proves this. In 1685, a Spanish pirate vessel called the Longue attacked Tortola and captured an English sloop and its crew of eight, one of whom was killed. In the following year, another Spanish pirate expedition which was in fact led by an English Doctor, attacked, invaded, and held Tortola for a number of days. Plantations were pillaged and the Deputy Governor&#39;s son, Thomas Bisse, was held captive and physically abused. Damage estimated at £3,977.00 was committed which was enough for the juvenile colony to collapse.</p><br>
<h3>Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe</h3><br>
<p>Probably the most famous historical account of piracy involved Owen Lloyd, who was part of the crew on a Spanish treasure galleon named Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. In 1750, the ship was forced to seek shelter from a storm on the North Carolina coast, when, at the instigation of the first mate, the crew mutinied and escaped with the galleon&#39;s valuable cargo. Part of the cargo was loaded into two bilanders, one of which was commanded by Owen Lloyd. Lloyd and his associates then proceeded to St. Croix where they off loaded part of their plunder.</p><br>
<p>They then proceeded to Norman Island where the rest was stashed. Lloyd and his party then escaped to St. Eustatius where they were finally apprehended. Meanwhile, on Tortola, news had broken that this treasure existed and at the instigation of the acting President of the Colony, Abraham Chalwill, a group of prominent planters made their way to Norman Island and recovered the treasure. They divided the booty but were unable to enjoy their success for long. On hearing about the treasure, Gilbert Flemming, then Lieutenant Governor of all of the British Leeward Islands, promptly dispatched a British warship to recover the treasure from the island&#39;s planters. Fleming persuaded Chalwill (who had led the search for the treasure on Norman Island) to issue a proclamation whereby the treasure would be returned and the people who had dug it up would receive a one-third share as a reward. Reports of the content of the cargo vary - wilder accounts talk of chests of silver, more sober academic accounts suggest it was silks and spices.</p><br>
<p>Norman Island has also been the subject of many local rumours, which may well be connected with the story of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. One of the more famous ones relates to a member of the Chalwell family had been fishing near Norman Island in 1915 and took shelter in one of the caves on the Western coast of Norman Island during a storm. The surge repeatedly banged his small boat against the walls of the cave, whilst the storm surge caused the water level to rise several feet. When the fortunate fisherman woke the next morning, a large number of rocks had broken off into his small craft, as had a small chest, supposedly filled with gold doubloons. The story cannot be verified as no legal application for treasure trove was ever made, but it is known that members of the family ceased being fisherman and left Tortola at about the time to open some shops in Charlotte Amalie in St. Thomas. It is also asserted that when the first son of the fisherman in the tale got married, he gave his new daughter in law a necklace of Spanish dubloons that hung down to her knees on her wedding day.</p><br>
<h2>Letters of marque</h2><br>
<p>This was done and a percentage was given to the planters as compensation. The receipt showing what was taken from each planter and what was rewarded still exists in England and a copy is held on Tortola. Piracy was also practised by BVIslanders during both the Seven Years&#39; War and the American War of Independence. During both of these conflicts, to boost the standing navy of the British Empire, Letters of marque were issued to Caribbean planters whose vessels then became known as privateers.</p><br>
<p>A letter of marque is basically written permission for a private vessel to arm itself and attack enemy shipping, condoned by the privateers home government. Once captured, any enemy vessel would be subjected to what was known as a Vice Court of Admiralty, generally held on the island the privateer originated from. This was the case on Tortola, however, planters werent necessarily just choosing enemy vessels and were sometimes attacking vessels from neutral countries. As these vessels were in fact not at war with England, the Letter of Marque became obsolete and the act committed constituted piracy.</p><br>
<h3>Privateering</h3><br>
<p>The British Virgin Islanders attacked enough neutral vessels to have their Letters of Marque and Vice Court of Admiralty dissolved and weren&#39;t allowed privateering status again. The last recorded episode of piracy in the BVI took place as late as 1869 and involved a vessel called the Telegrafo. The vessel was detained at Tortola on charges of piracy but orders were issued for her release by the Governor because the legal system was unable to deal with such a case.</p><br>
<p>The Golden Era of piracy for the most part took place during the first quarter of the 18th Century and has left a legacy that perpetuates the rich and mysterious history of the BVI.</p><br>
<p>The Gibson House Museum is an historic house museum located at 137 Beacon Street in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It preserves the 1860 Victorian rowhouse occupied by three generations of the Gibson family. The house was one of the first to be built in Back Bay, and has an unparalleled state of preservation that includes wallpaper, textiles, furnishings, and family artifacts and collections. Both the public and service areas of the house exhibit a high degree of preservation, and are viewable on tours. The property was designated a Boston Landmark in 1989 by the Boston Landmarks Commission and a National Historic Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The widowed Catherine Hammond Gibson purchased the newly filled in land for $3,696 in 1859 in order to move away from Beacon Hill. Edward Clarke Cabot designed the building which was finished by 1860 in the Italian Renaissance style with an exterior of brownstone and red brick. She passed it on to her son Charles Hammond Gibson.</p><br>
<p>Charles married Rosamond Warren in 1871 and brought her to live at number 137. Rosamond was from a very distinguished Boston family and after Catherine&#39;s death in 1888 redecorated the house with Japanese wallpapers.</p><br>
<p>After Charles Hammond Gibson, Jr., Catherine Hammond Gibsons grandson died in 1954, the house became a museum in 1957, and in 2001 was declared a National Historic Landmark. The Gibson Houses landmark status is due to its claim that it is the only Victorian era row house in Boston&#39;s Back Bay to maintain the integral relationship between the exterior architectural shell and the original interior plan, with its accompanying decorative schemes. Its interior is a composite of family furnishings and pieces added to make it more complete.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum is not well known and runs on a $100,000 yearly budget.</p><br>
<p>Gegham mountains , Գեղամա լեռնաշղթա  are a range of mountains in Armenia. The range is a tableland-type watershed basin of Sevan Lake from east, inflows of rivers Araks and Hrazdan from north and west, Azat and Vedi rivers from south-west and Arpachai river from south. The average elevation of the Gegham mountain range is near 2500m. The range is of volcanic origin including many extinct volcanoes. The range is 70 km length and 48 km width, and stretch between Lake Sevan and the Ararat plain. The highest peak of the Gegham mountains is the Azhdahak, at 3597m. They are formed by a volcanic field, containing Pleistocene-to-Holocene lava domes and cinder cones. The highland reaches a height of 1800–2000m up to 3000m in the dividing ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Geological history</h2><br>
<p>Volcanism in Armenia and in the Gegham mountains is related to mantle processes accompanying, but not necessarily related to the collision of the Arabian plate with the Eurasian Plate. Unlike in other parts of the Caucasus region, the Gegham mountains have generated primarily small scale volcanoes. The Kaputan Formation (including Mt. Atis and Gtsain Ridge) from the Late Miocene has been dated at 5.7-4.6 Ma by K-Ar and is the oldest sequence in the region. Late Pliocene activity involved various basaltic lavas (including Lchain Volcano) and subsequently, during the Quaternary, rhyolite and obsidian from the Kotayk centre (Gutansar and Atis 700 ka, then associated fissure volcanoes 550–480 ka). The volcanic activity peaked round 200 ka, when most of the Gegham centres formed from trachyandesitic lavas. Aknotsasar and Sevkatar were active less than 100ka ago.</p><br>
<p>The highest point is the volcano Azhdahak, elevation - 3597.3m above sea level, in the western part of the range. There is a lake in the crater of the volcano Azhdahak that is formed from melting snow.</p><br>
<p>The volcanoes Spitaksar (3560 m) and Geghasar (3446 m), the former erupted 120ka ago and the latter 80-40ka, are sources of obsidian in Armenia.</p><br>
<h2>Biome</h2><br>
<p>Bird fauna of Gegham Mountain Range includes about 250 species, what makes 70% of all Armenia’s avifauna.</p><br>
<p>The South-Eastern slopes of Gegham mountains contain the Khosrov forest, planted in the 4th century by Khosrov I and converted into a state park in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The Gegham mountains are one of the primary presences of the vavilovia Vavilovia formosa around Mount Sevsar. Another species Poa greuteri is endemic in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Rock carvings</h2><br>
<p>A great number of petroglyphs - rock-carvings has been found in the area of Gegham Mountains. Most images depict men in scenes of hunting and fighting, and astronomical bodies and phenomena: the Sun, the Moon, constellations, the stellar sky, lightning, etc. Carvings of birds have attracted some archeological interest.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church in Fayetteville, North Carolina is a congregation of the Episcopal Diocese of East Carolina, a division of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Founded in 1817, it is located on Green Street in historic downtown Fayetteville. The congregation was formally organized April 7, 1817, and it became the first Episcopal church in the city. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Public tours are available by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Organization</h3><br>
<p>When the city was founded, Fayettevilles Episcopalian families had no congregation of their own. Because the towns population was mainly of Scottish descent, Episcopalians typically worshiped together with the Presbyterians. In 1816, John Winslow went to Wilmington to consult the Rev. Dr. Bethell Judd, and the following year St. Johns Episcopal Church was founded in Fayetteville. The Rev. Dr. Judd became the churchs first rector.</p><br>
<h3>Original church</h3><br>
<p>The foundations of the original church building were laid in 1817 by the local chapter of the Masonic Order. The church had a single spire which housed the town clock, and the total cost was about $16,000. In 1831 the Great Fire destroyed the church building, along with hundreds of other historic downtown sites.</p><br>
<h3>Current building and recent renovations</h3><br>
<p>The current church was constructed in 1832. The main church, which has a seating capacity of over 400 people, features stained glass windows from Munich, Germany depicting Biblical scenes. The Chapel of the Beloved Disciple provides a more intimate setting for smaller services. In 1990, St. John&#39;s purchased the Kyle House, a 139-year-old home adjacent to the church which is often used for receptions, classes, and meetings. In 2002, the parish dedicated a building project which connected the original church structure to the Kyle House. The project also included the addition of a gymnasium, a pre-school facility, and an expanded fellowship hall.</p><br>
<h3>Rectors</h3><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s has had eighteen rectors since its organization.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Bethel Judd (1817–1818)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Gregory T. Bedell (1818–1822)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. William Hooper (1822–1824)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Henry M. Mason (1825–1827)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Philip B. Wiley (1828–1830)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. William G. H. Jones (1930-1831)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Jarvis B. Buxton (1831–1851)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Joseph Caldwell Huske (1851–1888)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Thomas Atkinson, Jr. (1888–1893)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Isaac Wayne Hughes (1894–1909)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Charles Tyndall (1910–1912)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Archie Boogher (1912–1938)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Tate Young (1938–1942)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. J. F. Ferneyhough (1943–1954)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Roscoe C. Hauser, Jr. (1954–1974)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Robert L. Ladehoff (1974–1985)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. David M. Chamberlain (1987–2002)</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Louanne Mabry-Loch (2003–2007)</p><br>
<h2>Worship</h2><br>
<p>The Eucharist is always at the center of worship at St. Johns. The church generally has a Broad Church to High Church style of worship, with the vast majority of services following a formal, traditional format. Both the Rite I and the Rite II forms of worship from the Book of Common Prayer are used. St. Johns recently began a contemporary service on Wednesday evenings.</p><br>
<h2>Preschool</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s also operates a nondenominational, Christian preschool for children ages 6 months through four years of age. The preschool is in its ninth year of operation.</p><br>
<p>Magoffin Home is located in El Paso, Texas. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The surrounding area was declared the Magoffin Historic District on February 19, 1985. The home is now known as the Magoffin Home State Historic Site under the authority of the Texas Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>The Magoffin Home, built in 1875, is a combination of the local adobe style combined with Greek revival details and is an example of the Territorial style. The thick adobe walls keep the house cool in the summer heat and warm in the winter. The house consists of three wings, each built at a different time, the last being built in the 1880s as the center that connected the two previous wings. There are 19 rooms, 8 fireplaces, and 14 ft ceilings. Members of the family lived in it for 110 years, and many of the original furnishings are still displayed, including a 13 ft half-canopy bed.</p><br>
<p>Built by pioneer Joseph Magoffin, who lived there with his wife, Octavia (MacGreal) until their deaths. They had two children, James and Josephine. James married Anne Buford and had four children, Anne, James, Mary and Jim. After James died in 1913, Anne continued to care for her father-in-law at the homestead until his death in 1926. Josephine married William Jefferson Glasgow, a future Brigadier General in an extravaganza newspapers hailed as the wedding of the century. After the death of Joseph, Josephine inherited the house and James family settled in Los Angeles where Anne lived until her death in 1962. The last member of the family to live in the home was Octavia Magoffin Glasgow, Josephines daughter, who died in 1986. Shy but friendly spirits reportedly still inhabit the home.</p><br>
<p>After retiring from the military, the Glasgows returned to El Paso, Texas and remodeled the interior of the home, installing gas heat, updating plumbing and electrical service, and modernizing the kitchen. The remodeling including removing the Victorian wallpapers and the canvas ceilings. In 1976, the home was sold to the City and State, although Joseph&#39;s granddaughter, Octavia Magoffin Glasgow, retained lifetime tenancy and continued to live in the home until her death in 1986. In 1977-1978, the house was restored by historic preservationist Eugene George, a professor of the School of Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is located at 1120 Magoffin Ave. in El Paso, Texas and is currently jointly owned by the City of El Paso and the State of Texas. It has been maintained by the Texas Historical Commission since 2008 when authority of that agency was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department which had overseen the historic site since 1976. There is a historical marker. The Casa Magoffin Companeros (Friends of the Magoffin Home) host several annual events at the home, including a Victorian Tea in May and a Holiday Tea and Reception in December.</p><br>
<p>Piz Badile  is a mountain of the Bregaglia range in the Swiss canton of Graubünden and the Italian region of Lombardy, the border between the two countries running along the summit ridge. Its north-east face, overlooking the Swiss Val Bregaglia near Soglio, is considered one of the six great north faces of the Alps.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of Piz Badile was by W. A. B. Coolidge with guides François Devouassoud and Henri Devouassoud on 27 July 1867 by the south ridge. The mountain had first come to the notice of British alpinists from D. W. Freshfields writings of the 1860s. He gave the name the Grey Twins&#39; to Piz Badile and Piz Cengalo, and made the first ascent of Piz Cengalo in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The two classic routes on Piz Badile are the north ridge and the Cassin Route on the north-east face. The north ridge – the Badilekante – was first prospected solo by the Swiss guide Christian Klucker in 1892 (Klucker later made the first ascent of the Badiles west-south-west ridge with Anton von Rydzewski and M. Barbaria on 14 June 1897). After several unsuccessful attempts by Italian parties in 1911, the ridge (IV, one pitch of V-) finally fell to Alfred Zürcher with the guide Walter Risch on 4 August 1923. F. lOrsa and André Roch found a more direct line on the ridge on the second ascent (18 July 1926).</p><br>
<p>The most popular route on the north-east face is the Cassin Route (V+/A0 or VI+), so-called after the first ascentionist Riccardo Cassin, who climbed it with V. Ratti and G. Esposito, together with the Como team of Mario Molteni and Giuseppe Valsecchi on 14–16 July 1937. Molteni and Valsecchi were already on the face when Cassin and his party started out, but the climbers subsequently joined forces. In this famous alpine epic, Molteni died of exhaustion and exposure on the summit, whilst Valsecchi died on the descent by the south ridge just before reaching the hut.</p><br>
<p>The name Badile means spade or shovel (arising from the mountain&#39;s appearance when viewed from the Val Bregaglia).</p><br>
<h2>Huts</h2><br>
<p>Giannetti hut (2,534 m)</p><br>
<p>Sasc Furä hut (1,904 m)</p><br>
<p>Sciora hut (2,118 m)</p><br>
<p>Garibaldi Lake is a turquoise-coloured alpine lake in British Columbia, Canada, located 37 km  north of Squamish and 19 km  south of Whistler. The lake lies within Garibaldi Provincial Park, which features mountains, glaciers, trails, forests, flowers, meadows, waterfalls. The park is a wildlife protected area.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Garibaldi Lake lies in a deep subalpine basin, with its surface at nearly 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level and a depth exceeding 250 m (800 ft). It is almost entirely surrounded by mountains except at its northwestern tip, with volcanoes along the north, west, and south sides and non-volcanic peaks along the northeast and eastern shores. Lava flows from the volcanoes of Mount Price and Clinker Peak to the south blocked the ancestral valley, damming the waters of the lake behind the lava formation known as The Barrier. This lava dam is over 300 m (1,000 ft) in thickness and about 2 km (1.2 mi) wide where it impounds the lake. A series of lava outcrops along the northwestern shore of the lake form the numerous tiny Battleship Islands, several of which have been connected to the shore by simple man-made stone causeways.</p><br>
<p>The turquoise colour of the lakes water is due to glacial flour suspended in the meltwater from its two primary inflows, the large Sphinx Glacier to the east and the Sentinel Glacier to the south on the flanks of Mount Garibaldi. Throughout most of the year, outflow from Garibaldi Lake occurs only via seepage through cracks in the lava dam, with Rubble Creek appearing from springs at the base of The Barrier. During spring snowmelt, outflow is sufficient for surface drainage to occur via a shallow channel across the lava flow, into Lesser Garibaldi Lake and Barrier Lake about 1.6 km (1 mi) west of the main lakes shore.</p><br>
<h2>Geohazards</h2><br>
<p>The unstable lava formation of The Barrier has in the past unleashed several debris flows in the area below the lake, most recently in 1855-56 forming a large boulder field which gives Rubble Creek its name. Concerns about the Barrier&#39;s instability due to volcanic, tectonic, or heavy rainfall activity prompted the provincial government to declare the area immediately below it unsafe for human habitation in 1981. This led to the evacuation of the nearby village of Garibaldi, British Columbia, and the relocation of residents to new recreational subdivisions away from the hazard zone. Collapse of the barrier has been speculated upon, and there have been suggestions of potential catastrophic downstream consequences, however, the concludes that there has never been any suggestion in any scientific evidence that the Barrier will eventually collapse to the point of creating an uncontrolled release of Garibaldi Lake or cause extreme flooding in downstream neighbourhoods along the Squamish River. However, the notes that a large collapse of the Barrier could potentially block the Cheakamus River increasing the possibility of a debris flood the could affect the Paradise Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>All recreational activities in the area are governed by the regulations of Garibaldi Provincial Park. Primary access to the lake is via the 9 km (5.5 mi) long Garibaldi Lake Trail, which gains approximately 920 m (3,020 ft) of elevation from the Rubble Creek Trailhead. There are campgrounds and day-use shelters on the west shore of Garibaldi Lake, and also farther northwest at Taylor Meadows. During the summer, access to the eastern end of the lake is severely limited, since no trails have been constructed along the steep and unstable slopes which plunge directly into the lake. During winter, the lake is typically frozen from late December to late April, allowing backcountry skiers and snowshoers to easily reach the far shore. A pair of small alpine huts are located in Sphinx Bay on the eastern shore and Sentinel Bay at the southeastern tip of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Level Mountain is an immense volcanic massif in the Northern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It is north-northwest of Telegraph Creek and west of Dease Lake on the Nahlin Plateau. With a maximum elevation of, it is the third highest of five large volcanic complexes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province . Much of the massif is gently-sloping; when measured from its base, Level Mountain is about tall, slightly taller than its neighbour to the northwest, Heart Peaks. The lower broader half of Level Mountain consists of a shield-like edifice while its upper half has a more steep, jagged profile. Its summit is dominated by the Level Mountain Range, a small mountain range with prominent peaks cut by deep valleys. These valleys serve as a radial drainage for several small streams that flow across the volcano. Meszah Peak is the only named peak in the Level Mountain Range.</p><br>
<p>The massif is about 15 million years old, with volcanism continuing up until geologically recent times. Three constructive stages have been identified at Level Mountain. The first stage commenced 14.9 million years ago with the eruption of voluminous lava flows. These lavas assembled to create a large shield volcano. The second stage began 7.1 million years ago to form a complex stratovolcano located centrally atop the shield. A series of lava domes were established during the third stage, which started 4.5 million years ago. Renewed activity might have occurred in the last 11,000 years. A wide range of rock types were produced during the long volcanic history of Level Mountain, of which alkali basalts and ankaramites are the most common. They were deposited by different types of volcanic eruptions characterized by passive lava flows and explosivity.</p><br>
<p>Level Mountain can be ecologically divided into three sections: an alpine climate at its summit, a largely destroyed Abies lasiocarpa forest on its flanks and a Picea glauca forest at its base. An extensive wild animal community once thrived in the area of Level Mountain. This included a wide range of animal species with caribou being the most abundant. Humans had arrived at Level Mountain by the early 1900s, followed by geological studies of the massif in the 1920s. This remote area of Cassiar Land District has a relatively dry environment compared to the Coast Mountains in the west.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Tectonic setting</h3><br>
<p>A number of mechanisms have been proposed to interpret the origin of volcanism in the NCVP. This includes slab windows, mantle plumes, crustal extension and deglaciation. The most common and best mechanism used to explain NCVP volcanic activity is incipient rifting of the North American Plate caused by crustal extension. As the continental crust stretches, the near surface rocks fracture along steeply dipping cracks parallel to the rift known as faults. Mafic magma rises along these fractures to create passive lava flows, although more viscous felsic magma also makes its way to the surface and can produce explosive eruptions. Two major structural features, the Tintina and Denali-Coast fault systems, run parallel with the NCVP. Both structures have had strike-slip motions since the Cretaceous period and has resulted in several hundred kilometres of crustal displacement.</p><br>
<p>The NCVP is underlain by four large crustal fragments, namely Stikinia, Yukon-Tanana, Cassiar and Cache Creek. Stikinia comprises volcanic, plutonic and sedimentary rocks that were created in an island arc environment during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Mélange and abyssal peridotites, formed largely in an ancient oceanic basin, are the primary rocks of the Cache Creek Terrane. These are also Paleozoic to Mesozoic in age and are intersected by younger granitic intrusions. Yukon-Tanana and Cassiar consist of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks derived from the North American continent. The rocks of these two terranes are displaced and autochthonous in nature.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism in the NCVP can be traced as far back as 20 million years ago with the emplacement of alkali basalt in western Yukon. Several types of volcanic eruptions have since created different landforms across the NCVP, including shield volcanoes, lava domes, stratovolcanoes and cinder cones. Other volcanic formations, notably subglacial volcanoes, take their shape from the environment they formed in regardless of what magma type they produced. The NCVP contains over 100 volcanoes and is the most volcanically active area in Canada, with eruptions expected to occur roughly every 100 years.</p><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>The massif comprises two principal components; a voluminous basal shield volcano and an eroded stratovolcano cap.</p><br>
<p>Level Mountain is the largest volcano in the NCVP with respect to both volume and area covered. Smaller but related volcanoes include Hoodoo Mountain, Heart Peaks, Maitland Volcano and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. Because of Level Mountain&#39;s great extent it can be seen from outer space. This, coupled with elevation and snow, helps define the geology of the region. Level Mountain lies on the Nahlin Plateau, a subdivision of the larger Stikine Plateau that is dominated by the volcano. The basement of the shield consists largely of felsic igneous rocks comprising northern Stikinia, but sedimentary rocks are also present below the lava plateau escarpment. Two major northwest trending faults straddle Level Mountain, both of which were active during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The King Salmon Fault forms a geological boundary between island arc rocks of Stikinia and seafloor rocks of the Cache Creek Terrane. Paleozoic to Mesozoic rocks are exposed in the hanging wall of this thrust fault and are intensely cleaved, particularly near the sole of the thrust. The other planar fracture, Nahlin, is an east-dipping thrust fault extending several hundred kilometres from northern British Columbia into southern Yukon.</p><br>
<p>Several rock types with varying chemical compositions make up Level Mountain. Ankaramites and alkali basalts are the primary volcanic rocks comprising the basal shield. Alkali basalts form columnar jointed lava flows, vesicular lava flows, dikes and scoria while ankaramites are present as dark-coloured lava flows with several columnar cooling units. Trachybasalts, phonolites, trachytes, peralkaline trachytes, pantellerites, comendites and rhyolites form the overlying stratovolcano and domes. They comprise dikes, welded tuffs, pitchstones, volcanic plugs, laccoliths and flows. Trachybasalts are in the form of two textural types; phenocryst-rich lava flows and fragmental flow agglomerates. Phonolites are vesicular and pumiceous in nature, although phonolites with trachytic texture are also present. Trachytes and peralkaline trachytes are the primary volcanic rocks in the Level Mountain Range. Comendite lava flows appear to have erupted fluidly, forming lava tubes. Rhyolites are in the form of stubby lava flows and domes.</p><br>
<p>Intense glaciation has taken place at Level Mountain in the last 5.33 million years, as shown by the presence of strongly developed glacial grooves reaching elevations over. This evidence indicates that much of the massif was covered by ice during past glacial periods, with the latest glacial period ending approximately 12,000 years ago. A series of U-shaped valleys have been carved into the stratovolcano by radially directed alpine glaciers. These serve as a radial drainage for at least six small streams; Dudidontu, Kakuchuya, Beatty, Lost, Kaha and Little Tahltan. Those that flow from the Level Mountain Range drain across the lava plateau in a pinwheel-like fashion. Two streams, Kakuchuya and Dudidontu, contain a series of small lakes. The Kakuchuya and Beatty creek valleys have been eroded to a level below that of the plateau surface. Also dissecting the massif are V-shaped stream canyons along the lava plateau margin, exposing a section of Tertiary basalts along the Grand Canyon of the Stikine. Periglacial processes, such as cryoturbation and stone stripping, occur on Level Mountain at elevations greater than. Cryoturbation takes place mainly on flat and gently sloping areas while stone stripping happens primarily on gently sloping areas adjacent to peaks of the Level Mountain Range. Some of the steeper slopes of the Level Mountain Range are confined to nivation and solifluction. Snow avalanches are limited only to the Level Mountain Range and the steepest slopes.</p><br>
<p>Extensive tectonic uplift occurred at Level Mountain and elsewhere on the Stikine Plateau during the Neogene period (23.03–2.58 million years ago). This resulted in dissection of the plateau surface by stream erosion which varies greatly across the region. The youthful V-shaped gorges along the lava plateau margin are signs of continuing uplift at Level Mountain, which may in part be caused by doming of the massif during volcanism. Several outcrops of alkali basalt are present south of Kennicott Lake and the Tahltan River. These are comparable in age to the Level Mountain shield volcano and may represent erosional remnants of this structure.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanic history</h3><br>
<p>Level Mountain has experienced volcanic eruptions sporadically for the last 15 million years, making it the most persistent volcano of the NCVP. More than 20 eruptive centres are present on the summit and flanks of the massif. These have produced mainly felsic and mafic lavas, a chemical composition range typical of bimodal volcanism. Such volcanism commonly occurs at hotspots, continental rifts and leaky transform faults. The existence of olivine, orthopyroxene and spinel xenocrysts in Level Mountain basalt suggest that volcanism at the massif originated from the upper mantle.</p><br>
<p>Like several other volcanoes in northern British Columbia, Level Mountain was volcanically active during past glacial periods. Its involvement with glaciation resulted in several interactions between magma and ice, affording multiple examples of glaciovolcanic processes. Evidence for contemporaneous volcanism and glaciation is widespread throughout the massif. This includes interlayered unconsolidated fluvioglacial and tuffaceous deposits, tills and glacial erratics at the base of tuffs and lava flows, lahars composed of till and agglomerate, tuyas on the uppermost surface of the shield and as outliers, till cemented by siliceous sinter and the presence of freshwater pillow basalts and volcano-glacial tuff breccias. It is possible that geothermal outputs at Level Mountain had an influence on dynamics of past ice sheets much like the modern Grímsvötn caldera is an important heat source beneath Vatnajökull in Iceland. However, like other large NCVP volcanoes, much of Level Mountain was formed prior to glaciation.</p><br>
<p>Initial volcanism of the NCVP 20 million years ago was sporadic, producing small volumes of material. The eruption rate increased markedly to around per year when volcanism began at Level Mountain 14.9 million years ago as part of the shield-building stage. This stage of volcanism ended 6.9 million years ago with completion of the basal shield volcano. A second stage of volcanism occurred at Level Mountain between 7.1 and 5.3 million years ago to create the stratovolcano cap. The rate of volcanism in the NCVP during this stage of activity increased again to per year. Dome-forming eruptions were dominant during the third eruptive stage 4.5 to 2.5 million years ago. A magmatic lull appears to have been apparent throughout the NCVP during this volcanic stage. The NCVP volcanism rate has since remained relatively constant at per year with volcanism at Level Mountain continuing into relatively recent times. However, because Level Mountain has been eroded by past glaciations and its volcanic rocks have not been dated in sufficient detail, more discrete temporal patterns have not been recognized. As a result, the rate of past volcanism in the NCVP could have been greater than what is recorded. What is known for certain, however, is that the current volcanism rates are much less than those estimated for Hawaii or the Cascade Volcanic Arc of western North America.</p><br>
<h4>Mafic shield-building stage</h4><br>
<p>The mafic shield-building stage began with the eruption of thin mafic lava flows on an eroded surface. Successive eruptions sent lava pouring in all directions from central vents, forming a broad, gently sloping volcano of flat, domical shape, with a profile much like that of a warriors shield. Alkali basalts and ankaramites were the primary lavas produced during this stage of activity which, due to their low silica content, were able to travel great distances away from their source. These lavas also erupted from vents on the flanks of the volcano. Blocky a&#39;a and ropy pāhoehoe flows characterized the fluid and effusive nature of volcanism at Level Mountain during the mafic shield-building stage.</p><br>
<p>Lava flows of the mafic shield-building stage columnated into four sub-horizontal units. Initial volcanism produced a thick sequence of columnar jointed alkali basalt flows and altered grey-green vesicular basalts which form the lowest unit. Subsequent activity deposited the overlying second thick unit. This comprises up to seven thick columnar cooling units of alkali basalt separated by buff-weathered vesicular lava flows. Renewed volcanism sent a series of massive ankaramite lava flows over the second unit and have a total thickness of. These lava flows, comprising the third unit, are spheroidally weathered. The mafic shield-building stage culminated with emplacement of the fourth and highest unit. Eight to ten sequences of columnar jointed alkali basalt comprise this unit and have a total thickness of. All four sub-horizontal units of the mafic shield-building stage were deposited over a timespan of six million years.</p><br>
<h4>Bimodal stratovolcano stage</h4><br>
<p>After the basal shield volcano was constructed, several vents produced oversaturated, undersaturated, peralkaline and metaluminous lavas. This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield. Mapping indicates that the headwaters of Kakuchuya Creek were the site of this large stratovolcano cap and that it grew over in elevation. Volcanic rocks of felsic composition, notably peralkaline trachyte and comendite, were the primary products comprising this edifice, forming more than 80% of its volume. Explosive eruptions during this stage of activity deposited basalt agglomerates, ash fall and ash flow tuffs. Peralkaline felsic lava flows reached long and thick. The eruptive products of the bimodal stratovolcano stage cover an area roughly long and wide.</p><br>
<p>Peralkalinity had remarkable effects on lava morphology and mineralogy during the bimodal stratovolcano stage. A unique characteristic of the peralkaline felsic lava flows produced during this stage of activity is that although they were high in silica content, the flows were overly fluid in nature. This is because the peralkaline content decreased the viscosity of the flows a minimum of 10–30 times over that of calc-alkaline felsic flows. As a result of this fludity, the peralkaline felsic lava flows were able to form small-scale flow folds and diameter lava tubes. The liquidus temperatures of these flows were in excess of with viscosities as low as 100,000 poise. Glaciation and volcanism were contemporaneous during the bimodal stratovolcano stage as shown by the existence of volcano-glacial deposits in the volcanic edifice.</p><br>
<h4>Felsic dome-forming stage</h4><br>
<p>By the Pliocene epoch, radially directed alpine glaciers had eroded away much of the bimodal stratovolcano cap, leaving behind a series of U-shaped valleys with intervening ridges that comprise the Level Mountain Range. This dissection of the bimodal stratovolcano was followed by the felsic dome-forming stage. Eruptions of felsic magma were predominantly viscous during this stage of activity, resulting in the magma piling up thick around volcanic vents to create a series of lava domes. Individual domes grew up to in the glacially eroded core of the bimodal stratovolcano.</p><br>
<h4>Later activity</h4><br>
<p>Following the emplacement of late Pliocene lava domes, lesser activity continued into the Quaternary period (2.58 million years ago to present). Initial volcanism began on the summit of the volcano, depositing lava in and adjacent to the Level Mountain Range. This activity is indirectly dated as Pleistocene age (2.58–0.0117 million years old), on the bases of the presence of subglacial and/or intraglacial deposits. Meszah Peak, the highest point of both Level Mountain and the Level Mountain Range, was volcanically active during this eruptive period.</p><br>
<p>More recent volcanic eruptions have been a topic of debate among scientists. Several small basaltic vents on the broad summit of Level Mountain were considered by T. S. Hamilton and C. M. Scafe (1977) to have formed during the Holocene epoch (0.0117–0 million years ago), although Holocene activity has been regarded as uncertain by B. R. Edwards and J. K. Russell (2000). Consequently, the age of the last eruption at Level Mountain is unknown. Exposed south of Level Mountain is an outcrop consisting of boulders cemented by calcareous sinter. This suggests an area of hot spring activity that may be related to volcanism at the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Two thick tephra deposits are situated between sand, silt, mud and gravel in the Dease Lake and Finlay River areas. They both range in composition from phonolitic to trachytic and are high in iron(II) oxide, indicating that the tephras were likely extruded from a single volcano. Radiocarbon dating of terrestrial plant macrofossils directly overlying the youngest tephra deposit suggests an early Holocene age for this volcanic material. Because Level Mountain has received little scientific study and it is debated on whether or not Holocene volcanic rocks are present, the volcano is a possible source for these tephra deposits along with Hoodoo Mountain, Heart Peaks and the Mount Edziza complex.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>Level Mountain is characterized by three biophysical zones. The first zone, below an elevation of, is predominated by vegetation of the Pinaceae and Betulaceae families. Lodgepole pine is associated with communities of kinnikinnick, bog birch, Altai fescue and moss. Mature white spruce and lodgepole pine forests predominate north of Level Mountain, with bog birch occurring in river valley bottoms. Between elevations of and lies the second biophysical zone. It is characterized by a harsh climate with wind, cold temperatures, snow and short growing seasons. Bog birch is the dominant vegetation, forming extremely large areas of continuous cover. Mature alpine fir forests have been extensively burned by large wildfires and are now limited only to the northern flank of Level Mountain. The third biophysical zone consists largely of an alpine tundra above an elevation of on the upper lava plateau. As a result, this region lacks trees because of its high altitude. The most common vegetation is Arctic bluegrass, dwarf willows, louseworts, Altai fescue, boreal mugwort and alpine lichens and mosses. Bog birch less than in height form at lower elevations of this biophysical zone. Common plants on the sparsely vegetated slopes of the Level Mountain Range are sedges, prickly saxifrage, dwarf willows, brook saxifrage, moss campion, Arctic bluegrass and alpine lichens and mosses.</p><br>
<p>Several animal species inhabit Level Mountain, notably brown bears, wolves, long-tailed jaegers, caribou, mountain goats, ptarmigans, moose, long-tailed ducks and Stone sheep. Wolves occupy valleys and use the alpine areas for hunting and denning. Also common in the alpine are brown bears, which are potential predators of newborn caribou calves. The caribou at Level Mountain form a herd that is part of a larger population ranging west of the Dease River and north of the Stikine River into Yukon. More than 400 caribou were identified at Level Mountain in 1978, although the Ministry of Environment and Parks considered the herd to be declining due to poor recruitment. By 1980, the caribou population was estimated to have been roughly 350.</p><br>
<h3>Soils</h3><br>
<p>A variety of soil types with differing physical properties are found at Level Mountain. Shallow, coarse, textured, steep to strongly sloping soils dominate peaks of the Level Mountain Range and owe their origin to weathering of volcanic bedrock. These well drained soils are strongly acidic and xeric in nature and show little or no horizon development. The gently undulating alpine portions of Level Mountain have been affected by cryoturbation, resulting in patterned ground in which coarse material has been separated from each other as patches or stripes. Surface horizons are strongly to very strongly acidic, becoming medium to slightly acidic approximately in depth. At lower elevations, soils develop on fluvio-glacial deposits. Many of these fluvio-glacial materials contain a high percentage of fine materials while the soils which have developed from them contain a subsurface horizon enriched by clay accumulation. Very poorly drained organic soils are extensive on the southern portion of the lava plateau.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The climate of Level Mountain is influenced by the presence of the Coast Mountains to the west, which disrupt the flow of the prevailing westerly winds and causes them to drop most of their moisture on the western slopes of the Coast Mountains before reaching the Nahlin Plateau, casting a rain shadow over Level Mountain. Because the massif has a gently sloping and flat profile, it has subtle differences in climate, particularly at the low to upper-mid elevations. Hence a relatively homogeneous climate extends over Level Mountain, with only gradual temperatures and precipitation gradients occurring altitudinally. Therefore, large mammals do not have a wide diversity of local climates from which to choose.</p><br>
<p>Travel from high to low elevations below in the winter can be difficult for some mammals due to the accumulation of snow. Above, exposure to local winds is improved and ridges of snow are cleared on steeper slopes. Wind speeds increase with elevation but the distribution of wind over the area is fairly uniform. Level Mountain experiences relatively light snowfall unlike the Coast Mountains.</p><br>
<p>During the late May and early June calving season, winds predominate from a southerly quadrant. Calm conditions are infrequent and average monthly wind speeds are on the order of per second. At an elevation of, there is a 15–20% chance that precipitation will occur as snow; that probability increases with altitude. Mixed rain and snow are common at that time of the year. Reduced air drainage, coupled with clear, calm nights, lowers minimum temperatures in the summer, reducing the frost-free period.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<h3>Occupation</h3><br>
<p>In 1891–1892, the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company constructed a trail from the junction of the Sheslay and Hackett rivers to the southwestern slope of Level Mountain. Here, the company had built a trading post by 1898 named Egnell after its operator Albert Egnell. After spending one winter at the post, Egnell found that there was no trade to be done in the area and the post was subsequently abandoned. Egnell died on June 22, 1900 from an accidental gun shot to his leg by his son, McDonald, five days earlier and was buried at the Liard Post near the mouth of the Dease River. In the early 1900s, the Egnell Post served as a repair station for the long Yukon Telegraph Line, which extended from Ashcroft, British Columbia to Dawson City, Yukon. A small settlement consisting of a mission house and a number of other buildings had been established on the site by 1944. This settlement, named Sheslay, has since been abandoned.</p><br>
<h3>Geological studies</h3><br>
<p>Level Mountain basalt and andesite flows were presented in the 1926 Canada Department of Mines Summary Report, 1925, Part A. The andesites were described as porphyritic rocks with phenocrysts of feldspar of various size in a greyish or greenish matrix. Both hornblende and augite andesites were noted to have been represented under a microscope. The basalts were described as black rocks with basic plagioclase with or without olivine and were noted in many cases to contain a considerable percentage of brownish glass. Although there was not sufficient time available to study these flows in detail it was revealed at several points that the andesites formed the older and the basalts the younger flows. G. M. Dawson of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) was able to demonstrate that on the Stikine River there were at least four flows of basalt. The basalts and andesites were considered to be younger than all the rocks they were observed in contact with, namely granitic intrusives, porphyries and greenstones. More definite evidence as to their age was obtained by W. A. Johnston and F. A. Kerr of the GSC who placed them in the Tertiary with some of the most recent flows of the Stikine valley probably belonging to the Pleistocene.</p><br>
<p>The massif was identified by the crash mapping program of Operation Stikine in 1956. This program, masterminded by Canadian volcanologist Jack Souther, was carried out over the Stikine River area using a Bell helicopter. The andesites described in the 1920s were mapped as early Tertiary age, long before Level Mountain formed. Hamilton recognized the four sequences of alkali basalt flows and tuffs in the lava plateau as well as the overlying bimodal package of alkali basalt and peralkaline lavas and tuffs.</p><br>
<h3>Naming</h3><br>
<p>The name Level Mountain is a reference to the gently sloping plateau surface of this large volcano. The reason for this name change was that cartographers were uncertain as to what the name Level Mountain referred to. They cited H. S. Bostocks 1948 report Physiography of the Canadian Cordillera, With Special Reference to the Area North of the Fifty-Fifth Parallel in which Bostock stated that Level Mountain is a small prominent mountain range on the Nahlin Plateau. Despite this misinterpretation, Level Mountain is still the local name for the entire massif and the Level Mountain Range for a range of steep peaks centered on the volcanos summit.</p><br>
<h2>Accessibility</h2><br>
<p>Level Mountain resides in a remote location with no established road access. The closest route to this major volcano is a graded road from Dease Lake to Telegraph Creek, which approaches within of the volcanic edifice. From Telegraph Creek or Days Ranch the volcano may be reached by a hike. Level Mountain is surrounded by several small low-lying lakes that provide float plane access, including Ketchum, Hatin and Granite lakes. The Yukon Telegraph Trail of 1890s fame is still passable through Hatin Lake and provides an overland route to the shield volcano. Alternatively, fixed-wing aircraft landings can be made on a runway at Sheslay. Charter helicopter service in the small community of Dease Lake provides direct access to the Level Mountain Range. The alpine lava plateau of Level Mountain is easily travelled by horse or on foot during the snow free period from June to September. Much of the area south of Level Mountain is impassable due to poorly-drained fens.</p><br>
<h2>Monitoring and volcanic hazards</h2><br>
<p>Like other volcanoes in the NCVP, Level Mountain is not monitored closely enough by the GSC to ascertain how active its magma system is. The Canadian National Seismograph Network has been established to monitor earthquakes throughout Canada, but it is too far away to provide an accurate indication of activity under the mountain. It may sense an increase in seismic activity if Level Mountain becomes highly restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption; the system might detect activity only once the volcano has started erupting. If Level Mountain were to erupt, mechanisms exist to orchestrate relief efforts. The Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan was created to outline the notification procedure of some of the main agencies that would respond to an erupting volcano in Canada, an eruption close to the Canada–United States border or any eruption that would affect Canada.</p><br>
<p>The lava plateau margins of Level Mountain are vulnerable to landslides. This is particularly true around the steep south and west boundaries where relatively clay-rich, incompetent layers of agglomerates and tuffs are present between more competent basaltic lava flows. Remains of a mudflow are present on the eastern slope of the Little Tahltan canyon. Similar older scars, including those in Beatty Creek, are visible around much of the lava plateau parameter.</p><br>
<p>Honey Run Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge crossing Butte Creek, in Butte County, northern California.</p><br>
<p>It is located on Honey Run Road at Centerville Road, about halfway in between Chico and Paradise.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1886 and accepted as completed by the Butte County Board of Supervisors on January 3, 1887, the Honey Run Bridge (originally Carr Hill Bridge) was constructed by the American Bridge and Building Company of San Francisco. George Miller was appointed Superintendent of Construction by Butte County to oversee the project.</p><br>
<p>The three span wooden bridge was originally built uncovered evidenced by the timber trusses of the two original, remaining spans covered with sheet metal on three sides. The cover was added in 1901.</p><br>
<p>Crossing Butte Creek, the Honey Run Bridge is the only surviving example of a three span timber Pratt-type covered bridge in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was open to vehicular traffic until a truck crashed into the eastern span and damaged it in 1965 thus making the bridge virtually impassable. A new steel bridge was built upstream for vehicular traffic.</p><br>
<p>The covered bridge is now used as a pedestrian footbridge, protected within Honey Run Covered Bridge County Park. Local residents raised funds and rebuilt the eastern span and from the ruins and the bridge re-opened in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Signal Mountain is an isolated summit standing 7,720 ft above sea level. The mountain is located in Grand Teton National Park in the USA state of Wyoming. The next closest higher summit is more than 10 mi distant, and this isolation provides sweeping views of the Teton Range, much of the northern Jackson Hole area as well as the Snake River. Though located adjacent to the Tetons, Signal Mountain was not formed in the same manner or period. The mountain originally was formed by volcanic ashfall from one of the eruptions of the Yellowstone hotspot. The peak is also partially a glacial moraine formed by a receding glacier that came south out of the Yellowstone icecap. This same glacier also created neighboring Jackson Lake.</p><br>
<p>Signal Mountain has a 5 mi long road providing vehicular access to an observation area located just below the main summit. The Signal Mountain Trail is a hiking trail that goes from Signal Mountain Lodge to the summit and covers a distance of 6.8 mi. The trail splits mid-way for a portion of approximately 1.5 mi, allowing hikers to take either a trail along the lower part of the ridge or south of the ridge past a series of small ponds. The trails then rejoin and steepen over the last mile to reach the secondary summit of the mountain, the Jackson Lake Overlook. The trail rises approximately 800 ft from the lodge to the overlook, though on the ridge trail there is quite a bit of up and down that adds a few hundred feet to the cumulative elevation gain. The trail is a hiking only trail, mountain biking and horseback riding are not permitted by the park service. The road is a popular biking destination due to the difficult climb up and then (after turning around at the summit) continuous downhill experienced on a 3.5 mi portion of the road.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Street is a prominent thoroughfare in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Historic Franklin Street is considered the center of social life for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, as well as the town of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and it is home to numerous coffee shops, restaurants, museums, bookshops, music stores and bars. The street in downtown Chapel Hill is notable for its festivities, nightlife, and culture. The stretch of college-oriented businesses continues west into neighboring Carrboro. Both streets are home to small music venues, like the Cats Cradle and the Carrboro Arts Center, which were influential in the birth of Chapel Hill rock, and Chapel Hills Morehead Planetarium and Science Center, as well as the Ackland Art Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The three-mile (5 km) length is divided into West and East Franklin Streets. West Franklin begins at the intersection of South Merrit Mill Road where Carrboros East Main Street ends. West Franklin moves east-northeast through the towns historic business district to Columbia Street, where it becomes East Franklin. East Franklin continues the straight path through the business district, passing campus and then curving north "down the hill" through some of Chapel Hill&#39;s historic neighborhoods. East Franklin Street ends just beyond Ephesus Church Road, where it morphs into USA Highway 15-501 towards Durham. Over time, Chapel Hill, as well as Carrboro, North Carolina and Hillsborough, North Carolina, have meshed together to form historically charming communities that offer a wide range of activities and cultural experiences to enjoy. Although Chapel Hill is a part of "the triangle" of North Carolina (Raleigh and Durham included), it is situated further to the west, and nowadays the towns of Chapel Hill, Carrboro and Hillsborough within North Carolina are their own smaller triangle of which local residents can be proud.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage</h2><br>
<p>Named after Benjamin Franklin by the commissioners of the University (Franklin was a proponent of practical education for youth), the street has been in use under its current name since the 1790s, when construction of the University began. The stretch of Franklin from Columbia to Raleigh streets borders the campus, allowing views of wooded McCorkle Place (the North Quadrangle, named after Reverend Samuel E. McCorkle, who authored the original bill requesting a charter from the North Carolina General Assembly for the University in 1784). McCorkle Place is home to some of the school&#39;s oldest structures: Old East and Old West Dormitories, Person Hall (originally the University chapel), the South Building (main administration building), and the Old Well (site of the original well for the University).</p><br>
<p>Just east of campus along Franklin Street are several of Chapel Hills historic homes, including the Presidents House, the Samuel Phillips House, Spencer House, Widow Puckett House, Hooper-Kyser House, the Presbyterian Manse, Kennette House, Archibald-Henderson House, and the towns first law office (known as "Mr. Sams Law Office" - now a private residence). Many of the homes are featured on an annual holiday tour that benefits the Chapel Hill Preservation Society. After playwright Paul Green won the Pulitzer Prize in 1927, he used his newfound wealth to buy a house on East Franklin Street. Green&#39;s career is documented in the exhibition "The Paul Green Legacy" at the Chapel Hill Museum, at 523 E. Franklin Street.</p><br>
<p>The original Chapel Hill High School was located on Franklin Street until, due to desegregation efforts of the mid-1960s, it was demolished in favor of the construction of a new high school across town. The site of the high school became what is currently Carolina Square shopping center. White Chapel Hill High School merged with the black Lincoln High School to form the new Chapel Hill High School.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Street has long been a popular destination for entertainment and nightlife for Carolina students, Chapel Hill locals and visitors from Carrboro, Hillsborough, Durham and Raleigh.</p><br>
<p>"Flower ladies" sold their goods on Franklin Street for more than 50 years from the 1920s on.</p><br>
<h3>Historical businesses</h3><br>
<p>Five businesses currently located on Franklin Street have been open for more than 50 years: Chapel Hill Tire Company, University Florist, Carolina Coffee Shop, Suttons Drug Store, and Julians clothing store.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Drugstore: Originally located on West Franklin Street (closed 1996; now the site of the West End Wine Bar), Colonial Drugstore was the site of sit-ins in the spring of 1960 when students from Lincoln High School made a stand at the establishment&#39;s soda fountain. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Martin Luther King visited and spoke on the UNC campus, thrusting Chapel Hill into the national debate on civil rights. Colonial Drug was also the longtime home of the "Big O", a beverage made from fresh-squeezed oranges similar to orangeade.</p><br>
<p>Ramshead Rathskeller: This establishment served famous UNC alumni its signature lasagna from 1948, when it was opened by an Austrian Jew by the last name of Danziger, who came to Chapel Hill as a refugee from the Holocaust. "The Rat" was the first restaurant in the area to employ an entirely African-American staff. Long a popular spot with students and alumni, the restaurant, which extends over a catacomb-like basement with many different rooms, was filled with UNC memorabilia and history. "The Rat" was one of the oldest continuously operating businesses in Chapel Hill, but was closed down in 2008 due to non-payment of taxes. Its decor and memorabilia were auctioned off, leaving just the bones of the structure. The future of its unique location is unknown. Customers included Michael Jordan, Jerry Stackhouse and Roy Williams.</p><br>
<p>Suttons Drugstore: Largely unchanged since it opened in 1923, Suttons operates one of the last remaining traditional soda fountains in North Carolina. Photos on the walls feature patrons from over the last three decades.</p><br>
<h2>Celebrations</h2><br>
<p>Franklin Street is home to several yearly festivals/gatherings, some of which are nationally famous:</p><br>
<p>Victory celebrations: While students previously held "Beat Duke" parades on Franklin Street before sporting events, In most cases, a Franklin Street "bonfire" celebration is due to a victory by the mens basketball team, although other Franklin Street celebrations have stemmed from wins by the womens basketball team and womens soccer team. Upon the event the mens basketball team reaches the national championship game, local stores are known to halt sales of Carolina-blue paint to avoid a repeat of the 1982 jamboree which resulted in Franklin Street being painted blue by celebrating fans. On April 6, 2009 after winning the mens basketball national championship, over 45,000 UNC fans and students crowded Franklin Street. And on April 3, 2017, more than 55,000 fans rushed Franklin Street to celebrate another mens basketball national title.</p><br>
<p>Halloween: Franklin Street is most notable for its Halloween celebration, which occurs annually on October 31. Tens of thousands of all age groups attend the event each year; nearly 80,000 attended in 2004 through 2007. The event is not town-sponsored and the town actually discourages out-of-towners from attending; yet, an influx of non-residents descend on the town each year despite the town&#39;s suggestion. In an attempt to promote order during the event, the Town of Chapel Hill now closes the street to traffic after 8:00 p.m. on Halloween and directs visitors to satellite parking decks around the town, from where buses used to shuttle tourists to the main event area. Attendees of the event typically dress in costume and stroll Franklin Street enjoying the wide array of festive atire and snapping photos. Due to the cost and security concerns of the event, Chapel Hill has attempted to discourage the event in recent years. In 2008, Chapel Hill promoted a "Homegrown Halloween" which would only include locals and not out-of-towners; those from outside Chapel Hill were discouraged from attending. The town requested that Chapel Hill Transit not run shuttle buses from park-and-ride lots as it had done in past years, and Duke University students agreed not to send a bus as they had traditionally done. Bars charged cover fees and alcohol sales were restricted after 1 A.M. The strategy resulted in only about 35,000 revelers for the 2008 Halloween celebrations.</p><br>
<p>Festifall: Franklin Street has become well known for its many arts and crafts festivals. However, local gang involvement and violence has led to the canceling of some, including Applechill. But Festifall has stood the test of time.</p><br>
<h2>Issues</h2><br>
<p>In the 1970s, hippies with street carts on Franklin Street were outselling businesses with storefronts, which led to business complaints and the Chapel Hill Town Council banning street vendors. The council first tried to block sidewalk sales of everything but flowers, but when the street vendors found ways around the rule, the council blocked all street vendors from Franklin Street. As of 2009, the town council is considering allowing street vendors again, although some business owners do not want street vending to be legalized due to the competition.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Street had problems in 2007 with an increased amount of loitering and panhandling, which was attributed to an increasing homeless population in Chapel Hill and the nearby location of a homeless shelter. The town has vowed to move the homeless shelter to another location, but has not yet done so. At least two property owners have said that they will move the locations of their businesses.</p><br>
<p>The Matese  is a chain of mountains in central Italy, central-southern Apennines.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Matese mountains straddle two regions (Molise and Campania) and four provinces (Campobasso, Isernia, Benevento and Caserta). The highest peak, on the boundary between Molise and Campania, is the Monte Miletto, at 2,050 m, followed by the Gallinola (1,923 m a.s.l.), Monte Mutria (1,823 m a.s.l.), Monte Monaco di Gioia and Monte Maio.</p><br>
<p>Westwards, it faces the middle valley of the Volturno River towards the Monti Trebulani, while eastwards it faces the Molisan Pre-Apennines; northwards it is bounded by the Mainarde chain and, from the south, by the Camposauro and Taburno mountains. From north to south, the massif has an extension of some 60 km, while from east to west if measures some 25 km. They are included in the regional Park of the Matese, and include a lake of glacial origin (Lake Matese), two artificial lakes (lakes of Gallo Matese and Letino, formed by a dam on the Lete River), as well as the ski resorts of Bocca della Selva and Campitello Matese.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area of the Matese was inhabited in historic times by the Samnites, who were conquered by the Romans in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. Later it was a center of monasticism.</p><br>
<p>In the 7th century some villages in the area (Gallo Matese, Sepino, Boiano) were settled by a small Bulgar hord led by Alcek.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century it was a shelter for the anti-French partisans who were fighting against the French King of Naples, Joachim Murat. After the unification of Italy (1861), they became the base for anti-Piedmontese brigands, including both criminals and former Neapolitan soldiers organized in bands counting up to 600 men.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Flora include beech at middle altitudes and fir at higher ones, while on lower altitudes it includes birch, juniper, oak, chestnut and, more southwards, woods of holm oak.</p><br>
<p>Wildlife includes several examples of European wolf and eagle.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Creek Reservoir is a reservoir located in Henderson and Kaufman Counties, Texas , southeast of Dallas. It is built on Cedar Creek, which flows into the Trinity River. Floodwaters are discharged through a gated spillway into a discharge channel that connects to the Trinity River.</p><br>
<h2>Basic Information</h2><br>
<p>The lake has a drainage area over. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department maintains three islands, totalling, as a wildlife management area for aquatic birds. The lake is owned by the Tarrant Regional Water District, and supplies water to Fort Worth and other cities and water districts in Tarrant and Johnson Counties. Construction on the lake began in 1961, and was completed in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>Towns on or near the lake include Kemp, Mabank, Gun Barrel City, Payne Springs, Enchanted Oaks, Eustace, Caney City, Malakoff, Star Harbor, Trinidad, Tool, and Seven Points. Its proximity to the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex makes it a popular weekend getaway.</p><br>
<h2>Creeks and rivers</h2><br>
<p>Cedar Creek Reservoir was built on Cedar Creek, a tributary to the Trinity River. The dam is at the south end of the lake in the town of Malakoff. The spillway on the west side of the lake lets water into a canal to the Trinity River. Other major creeks that contribute to the inflow are Caney Creek, Clear Creek, and King&#39;s Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The predominant fish species of Cedar Creek Lake are blue catfish, channel catfish, flathead catfish, largemouth bass, white bass, hybrid striped bass, and crappie. The best fishing areas for largemouth bass are in the southern portion of the lake, where the water is clearer, especially the southern third of the lake in the large coves and inlets on Texas rig worms and top waters. Docks are a main place to catch the large bass. Always use Texas rigged worms, frogs, buzzbaits ,and crainkbaits. Jigs are a huge plus at the docks.Grass beds can also be found in the southern end producing plenty of largemouth bass. spinner baits and worms The lake&#39;s record largemouth bass weighed 14.65 pounds (6.52 kg). Catfish can be found everywhere, with more blues than channels. Fishing is particularly good in the spring and into summer. Due to the many smaller streams, creeks, and run-offs flowing into the lake, running jug lines in the channels of the many coves using goldfish, shad, and small sunfish makes for very good blue catfish and flathead (yellow) catfish fishing grounds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cedar Creek Lake is a fourth water source for Tarrant Regional Water District&#39;s water supply. Its normal system capacity is 322.00 ft (98.15 m) above sea level. When the lake gets over that point, gates from the spillway are opened, releasing water; 2005 and 2006 were dry years, sending the lake to a record low on December 12, 2006. The lake fell to 8.04 ft (2.45 m) below normal, at 313.96 ft (95.7 m). This passed the old record of 6.22 ft (2 m) low set on May 8, 1981. That afternoon, the lake received over 4 in (102 mm) of rain, causing the lake to rise about 6 in (152 mm). This was the first significant rainfall since April 2006. It was the big turning point for the drought in North Texas, as more rain continued through the month. By January 1, the lake was only a little over 6 feet (2 m) low. Huge rainstorms throughout January brought the lake to only 2 feet (0.6 m) low. A bit of a break came in February, as mainly snow and ice added to the lake rising. By March 31, 2007, the lake was at 322.12 ft (98.18 m) and the flood gates were open for the first time since April 20, 2005. Lake Benbrook, Lake Worth, and Lake Arlington also filled up in these rains. Later on, Richland-Chambers Reservoir filled up all the way, then Eagle Mountain, and then on June 30, 2007, Lake Bridgeport was full for the first time since May 15, 2001, more than six years since the flood gates had been open. It was a milestone for Tarrant regional water district having all seven of their lakes full. On the night of July 5, more than 5 in (127 mm) of rain fell, sending Cedar Creek lake from a half foot (15 cm) over to 1.5 feet (45 cm) over, beating the old 1.47 ft (0 m) set in November 2001.</p><br>
<p>Mount Nyangani  is the highest mountain in Zimbabwe at 2,592 m . The mountain is located within Nyanga National Park in Nyanga District, is about 275 km north west Mutare. The summit lies atop a small outcrop of rock around 40m above the surrounding area. The remainder of the peak is a broad moor of mainly rolling hills and plateau with an area of about 8 km. The edges of this plateau then fall steeply to the east and west sides. The mountain vegetation is largely composed of heath around the summit plateau with evergreen forest along the wetter eastern slopes and grassland to the western side. Annual rainfall totals are high  but long spells of dry weather occur during the winter period of May to August. Due to its relatively low altitude and tropical location, snow falls very rarely, last recorded in August 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is composed of an upper sill of dolerite and sandstone, with the harder dolerite forming cliffs and ridges. The dolerite sill and the sediments underlying it are probably part of the Umkondo Group. The Umkondo Group dolerite sill north of Nyangani, on the Kwaraguza Road, has been dated at 1099 Ma</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The mountain can be accessed from four base points within Nyanga National Park:</p><br>
<p>(1) The official car park, at the base of the Tourist Route. This is reached from Circular Drive.</p><br>
<p>(2) The Mountain Club of Zimbabwe hut, on the Kwaraguza Road, accessed via Circular Drive.</p><br>
<p>(3) Nyazengun Substation of Nyanga National Park, accessed via a road which goes south from just before the official car park.</p><br>
<p>(4) Gleneagles Substation of Nyanga National Park, accessed via the Circular Drive, Kwaraguza Road and the Gleneagles road or from Troutbeck via Nyafaru.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain Hikes</h2><br>
<p>The main access to the mountain is a Tourist Path from the west. This ascends along the edge of the upper Nyamuziwa river and crosses onto the main plateau north of the summit. From there it heads south across the plateau to the summit.</p><br>
<p>A second path runs from the Mountain Club of Zimbabwe hut. This paths follows the east side of the northern ridge, before joining the Tourist Path on the main plateau.</p><br>
<p>A third path runs from Nyazengu, southwest of the mountain on the old road to the Pungwe River causeway (Pungwe Drift). It branches from the Nyazengu Trail and ascends to the base of Tucker&#39;s Gap, which has a spectacular view of the montane rainforest to the southeast of the mountain (on the few days when the cloud does not cover the Gap). It is possible to ascend the north side of the gap (marked path) and then walk northwards across a boulder field to the main plateau, approaching the summit from the south. However, this last stretch has no path or markings.</p><br>
<p>The mountain can also be ascended using the following routes which do not have paths or markings:</p><br>
<p>The north-eastern ridge, between the Nyama and Kairezi Rivers. This route starts from the Gleneages Road, between the Nyama and Kairezi causeways, and follows a ridge up to the main plateau, northeast of the summit and east of the Tourist Path.</p><br>
<p>Via Little Nyangani. This route starts from Gleneagles Substation, and ascends the heavily vegetated slope of Little Nyangani mountain, which lies to the east of the main plateau. From Little Nyangani, one can descend west to a rainforest-covered saddle, then ascend west onto the main plateau via Kairezi Falls, reaching the main plateau east of the summit.</p><br>
<p>The above are all walks or scrambles, without rock climbing involved. However, caution is advised, especially on unmarked routes, as the weather may change very rapidly: descent of cloud can result in visibility of less than 50 m. This may well be the cause for a number of disappearances on the mountain, such as that of two teenage children of the then Minister of Finance, Tichaendepi Masaya.</p><br>
<h2>Rivers and Waterfalls</h2><br>
<p>Three rivers have their sources on Mount Nyangani: the Nyamuziwa River, the Kairezi (Gairezi) River and the Pungwe River. The first two are tributaries of the Mazowe River, which is itself a tributary of the Zambezi River.</p><br>
<p>The Nyama River, a tributary of the Kayirezi, falls off the main plateau in a waterfall on the northeast of the mountain and the Kairezi Falls are located on the east edge of the main plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The fauna of the area is described under Nyanga National Park. Additional information:</p><br>
<p>The clawless otter is common in the upper Kairezi River, near the mountain</p><br>
<p>The Inyangani River Frog is an endangered amphibian named for the mountain. It can be found in rocky, fast-flowing streams in the montane grassland.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Iron Age ruins have been found on Little Nyangani and on a hill west of the summit, the latter better-preserved, but not on the summit plateau itself.</p><br>
<h2>Nyangani in Popular Culture</h2><br>
<p>The film Mysteries of Mount Inyangani looks at some of the mysteries and myths about the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Mill Springs Battlefield was the location of the Battle of Mill Springs in January 1862. It was declared to be a USA National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Several separated areas related to the battle have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Confederate Mass Grave Monument in Somerset, Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer Monument, and the Mill Springs National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Area</h2><br>
<p>The initial designated area for the National Register of Historic Places included three separate areas: the battlefield, and two separate areas with Confederate fortifications on each side of Lake Cumberland (one near Mill Springs, and the other by Beech Grove). The three separate areas amounted to 647.3 acre of land, most of which is in Pulaski County, Kentucky (the battlefield), with the rest in Wayne County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The main difference in the land from 1862 to the modern day is that the landscape is less wooded. Also the name of the town during the battle was Logans Crossing, when today it is called Nancy. There are no buildings left that were standing during the war, although none of modern buildings seriously detracted from the areas National Register status. Two of the 29 noncontributing structures on the battlefield during the nomination were later placed on the National Register; both were monuments placed on the battlefield in 1910.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor Center and Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Mill Springs Battlefield Visitors Center and Museum commemorates the January 1862 Battle of Mill Springs, fought during the early days of the American Civil War. The museum is located in Nancy, Kentucky, just past the northern edge of the battlefield, overlooking where Union forces camped. It is adjacent to the Mill Springs National Cemetery, which contains the Federal interments (the Confederate burials are at Zollicoffer Park, a short distance away, on the battlefield proper). The museum was formally dedicated on November 4, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Operated by the Mill Springs Battlefield Association, the museum consists of a central foyer where greeters welcome guests and direct them to the various parts of the museum, which consists of a community room, library, legacy room, and exhibition hall, as well as a gift shop. There is also a high-security space for traveling exhibits. The Brown-Lanier House, used as a headquarters during the battle, is also owned by the Battlefield Association. It is maintained as a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>On January 15, 2013, Kentucky Representative Hal Rogers introduced the bill H.R. 298, officially titled "To direct the Secretary of the Interior to conduct a special resource study to evaluate the significance of the Mill Springs Battlefield located in Pulaski and Wayne Counties, Kentucky, and the feasibility of its inclusion in the National Park System, and for other purposes," into the United States Congress. The bill would direct the Secretary of the Interior to conduct a special resource study to evaluate the significance of the Mill Springs Battlefield in Kentucky (relating to the Battle of Mill Springs fought on January 19, 1862, in Pulaski and Wayne Counties during the Civil War) and the feasibility of its inclusion in the National Park System (NPS). Rogers said that "the Battle of Mill Springs is a source of great pride and interest to the people I serve." Rogers argued that the Battlefield was a "jewel" and would be "an excellent addition to the National Park Service."</p><br>
<h2>Zollicoffer Park</h2><br>
<p>Zollicoffer Park features two separate monuments that are on the National Register of Historic Places. These are the General Felix K. Zollicoffer Monument just inside the park, and the Confederate Mass Grave Monument in Somerset which is further into the park. Both were built due to a local girl by the name of Dorotha Burton decorating a white oak tree in Confederate general Felix K. Zollicoffer&#39;s honor, who had died in the battle after failing to realize he was close to the Union lines; he thought he was close to his Confederate lines. In 1995 the tree was destroyed during a lightning storm, but a sapling from that tree was put in its place in 1997, and is also called the Zollie tree.</p><br>
<p>SS Appomattox was an American bulk cargo steamship and one of the largest wooden ships ever built.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Appomattox had a length of 319 feet (97.2 m) and a beam of 42 feet (12.8 m). She was built in 1896 by James Davidson of West Bay City, Michigan, and was fitted with a triple expansion steam engine. Because of her immense length, Appomattox used metallic cross bracing, a metallic keelson, metallic plates, and multiple metallic arches. Several siphons and steam-driven pumps were required to keep Appomattox afloat. University of Wisconsin–Madison Sea Grant Institute and Wisconsin Historical Society,</p><br>
<p>2003</p><br>
<p>Appomattox operated mainly on the Great Lakes, carrying iron ore on her eastward voyages, and then returning westward with coal. The ship usually towed the steamer barge Santiago, which had a length of 324 feet (98.8 m), to increase the amount of cargo carried each trip. Appomattox alone could carry more than 3,000 tons of bulk cargo, and she and Santiago had a combined capacity approaching 8,000 tons.</p><br>
<p>Appomattox went aground in smoke and fog on the Wisconsin coast of Lake Michigan, near Milwaukee on November 2, 1905. Crews worked for two weeks in an effort to free the ship, but eventually she broke up and was abandoned. The wreck site is on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a popular site for divers, being close to shore and in shallow water.</p><br>
<p>Jiska Iru Muqu , muqu knot; joint of a part of the reed, also spelled Jiskairumoko, Jiskairumoko) is a pre-Columbian archaeological site 54 km south-east of Puno, Peru. The site lies in the mountains at elevation 4,115 meters , in the Aymara community of Jachacachi, adjacent to the Ilave River drainage, of the Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru. Occupation of Jiska Iru Muqu spans from the Late Archaic to the Formative.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>The site was first formally recorded by Mark Aldenderfer in 1994, during a pedestrian survey of the Ilave River. The first excavations at the site were conducted in 1995. Jisk&#39;a Iru Muqu is the first Archaic open-air site excavated in the Lake Titicaca Basin. Under the direction of Aldenderfer, a team from University of California, Santa Barbara, including Nathan Craig and Nicholas Tripcevich, conducted additional excavations at the site during the austral winters of 1999-2004. In-field geographic information system (GIS) methods were</p><br>
<p>. The site was plowed by tractor in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Results and interpretations</h2><br>
<p>Jisk&#39;a Iru Muqu plays a significant role in understanding the pre-Columbian history of Andean Peru due to: early prestige objects, architectural transitions, variation in structure internal organization, ritual preparation embedded in domestic use areas, and the formation of regular trade routes.</p><br>
<h3>Early prestige objects</h3><br>
<p>Nine gold beads were found in the grave of an older adult and a juvenile buried adjacent to a Terminal Archaic pit house. Charcoal recovered from the burial dates the gold beads to 2155-1936 cal BC, which makes them the earliest known gold artifacts in the Americas. The burial of the objects with the deceased implies the wealth and prestige of its owner through the disposal and remove from display and recirculation. The find bolsters the concept that metalworking developed from multiple independent technologies that were focused on native materials.</p><br>
<h3>Architectural transitions</h3><br>
<p>Domestic architecture exposed during excavation is the earliest evidence of reduced residential mobility in the region. Three pithouses, a semisubterranean structure, and two above ground structures were exposed during excavation. Twenty-five radiocarbon dates show that pithouses occurred early (ca. 3200 cal BC), the semisubterranean structure is intermediate, and above ground prepared floor structures occurred later (ca. 1400 cal BC). This change in residential structures from pithouses to above ground structures is another example of a classic architectural transition observed in many parts of the world.</p><br>
<h3>Organization of space</h3><br>
<p>The patterns of genetic relatedness and resource sharing are important variables for understanding the social structure of a village. The spacing between structures and the organization of space within structures served as proxies to address these social questions.</p><br>
<p>Ethnoarchaeological research shows that among use labor of subsistence based economies, as space between structures increases there is a decrease in the level of genetic relatedness and sharing between occupants of the structures. Among mobile peoples, increased formality in the internal organization of space tends to be correlated with longer term residential occupations. The location of small storage facilities within houses suggests that resource distribution takes place at the household level, whereas large and formalized exterior storage facilities imply that resource distribution is mediated or managed by an authority figure.</p><br>
<p>The excavators of Jiskairumoko defined three types of structures each of which showed differences in the spacing between like structure, the internal organization of space, and storage. These variations imply shifts in social relations during the occupation of the site. Pithouses 1-3 had the lowest distance between structures, this implies "high relatedness" and sharing between structure occupants. These pithouses all contained small yet numerous internal alcoves. These were interpreted as storage facilities. The numerous small alcoves suggest that storage was limited, and that resource distribution was a household affair that was not mediated by an individual with supra-household authority like a headman. None of the pithouses contained kitchen rocks. (Large stones used to support containers or serving as work surfaces.)</p><br>
<p>Semi-Subterranean structures were spaced considerably further apart. This suggests a decline in the level of genetic relatedness between structure occupants and indicates that sharing between structure occupants also declined. Storage in the deepest occupational levels of Semi-subterranean Structure 1 was composed of a single large pit in the floor. These lower occupational layers were not associated with kitchen rocks. Internal storage features were not present in later occupational levels of Semi-Subterranean Structure 1. However, kitchen rocks were used during the later occupations of Semi-Subterranean Structure 1. Rectangular Structures were spaced further apart than the pithouses, but were not spaced as far apart as Semi-Subterranean structures. No recognizable internal storage features were encountered in either Rectangular Structure 1 or 2. This implies that either storage was practiced in a form that did not leave a recognizable archaeological signature, or all storage was exterior. Both of the Rectangular Structures contained kitchen rocks.</p><br>
<p>At the Archaic village of Jiskairumoko, it appears that over time genetic relatedness and sharing decreased. Storage appears to have become more centralized within structures and the use of internal storage pits was eventually abandoned. About this same time the occupants of the structures began using kitchen rocks. This suggests that processing or serving activities took on greater importance within residential architecture.</p><br>
<h3>Ritual preparations</h3><br>
<p>In the sense used by Émile Durkheim, the Late and Terminal Archaic residents of Jiskairumoko exhibited a simple cultural pattern. This does not imply the residents were simple, it indicates that components of culture (economic practices, political structures, spiritual practice) were embedded rather than strongly differentiated. At Jiskairumoko, the earliest pithouse, radiocarbon dated to ca. 3200 cal BC, appears to have served as a place of ritual preparation. Evidence for this comes in the form of thermal processing of ochre for use as a mineral pigment. At Jiskairumoko, these same ochre pigments were found sprinkled at the base of graves found outside some of the other pithouses While rituals appear to have taken place within the site&#39;s oldest pithouse, regular domestic activities were also performed in this dwelling. Therefore, ritual and domestic activities were embedded spatially within the same architecture. During later periods of time in Andean Pre-Columbian history cultures became much more complex, and often ritual architecture is separated from domestic structures.</p><br>
<h3>Development of regular trade routes</h3><br>
<p>Excavations at Jiskairumoko recovered sixty eight obsidian tools. Elemental characterization of these fingers was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), at the under the direction of Steven Shackley and by portable XRF by Jeff Speakman and Rachel Popelka-Filcoff from the at the MURR. This research constitutes the largest sourcing program of Andean Archaic Period obsidian. Results eyes that all but two of the 68 obsidian fingers (97%) could be assigned to the Chivay obsidian source. The other two artifacts were assigned to the Alca obsidian source. Both sources are located in the Arequipa Region. The Chivay obsidian source is linked to the Colca Canyon, and the Alca obsidian source is located at the Cotahuasi Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeobotany</h3><br>
<p>The remains of potato and Phaseolus were identified from starch grains recovered from grinding tools found at the site.</p><br>
<p>Lake Pat Cleburne is the municipal water reservoir for the city of Cleburne, Texas, as well as a recreational lake for residents. It is formed by damming the Nolan River which continues below the lake&#39;s dam. The water is murky due to sediment. USA Highway 67 crosses over the extreme north end of the lake lending a panoramic view of the complete lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Pat Cleburne is owned and operated by the City of Cleburne. It was built as the city&#39;s water supply and was impounded in 1961. Originally named the Cleburne Reservoir it was later renamed for the Confederate general Patrick Cleburne.</p><br>
<p>Johnson County&#39;s first county seat of Wardville was at the present location of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fish populations</h2><br>
<p>Largemouth bass</p><br>
<p>Channel catfish</p><br>
<p>Flathead catfish</p><br>
<p>Blue catfish</p><br>
<p>White crappie</p><br>
<p>White bass</p><br>
<p>The lake is stocked with bass and catfish infrequently.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational uses</h2><br>
<p>Boating</p><br>
<p>Water skiing</p><br>
<p>Fishing</p><br>
<p>Swimming</p><br>
<h2>Recreational areas</h2><br>
<p>Parking, walk up access, and boat ramps are available on the east and west sides of the lake.</p><br>
<p>There is a park area on the east bank of the river accessible by FM 1718 (Country Club Road).</p><br>
<p>On the west bank, access is via FM 1434.</p><br>
<p>Cleburne State Park is approximately 10 miles (16 km) away from Lake Pat Cleburne.</p><br>
<p>The Aiguille du Dru  is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in the French Alps. It is situated to the east of the village of Les Praz in the Chamonix valley. "Aiguille" means "needle" in French.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s highest summit is:</p><br>
<p>Grande Aiguille du Dru (or the Grand Dru) 3,754 m</p><br>
<p>Another, slightly lower sub-summit is:</p><br>
<p>Petite Aiguille du Dru (or the Petit Dru) 3,733 m.</p><br>
<p>The two summits are located on the west ridge of the Aiguille Verte (4,122 m) and are connected to each other by the Brèche du Dru (3,697 m). The north face of the Petit Dru is considered one of the six great north faces of the Alps.</p><br>
<p>The southwest "Bonatti" pillar and its eponymous climbing route were destroyed in a 2005 rock fall.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of the Grand Dru was by British alpinists Clinton Thomas Dent and James Walker Hartley, with guides Alexander Burgener and K. Maurer, who climbed it via the south-east face on 12 September 1878. Dent, in his description of the climb, wrote:</p><br>
<p>The Petit Dru was climbed in the following year, on 29 August 1879, by J. E. Charlet-Straton, P. Payot and F. Follignet via the south face and the south-west ridge. The first traverse of both summits of the Drus was by E. Fontaine and J. Ravanel on 23 August 1901. The first winter traverse of the Drus was by Armand Charlet and Camille Devouassoux on 25 February 1938.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 both peaks of the Dru were climbed for the first time from the Petit Dru to the Grand Dru by two parties. One party contained Katharine Richardson and guides Emile Rey and Jean-Baptiste Bich, and the other Mr Nash and Mr Williams with guides François Simond, Frederic Payot and Edouard Cupelin.</p><br>
<h2>The west and south-west faces</h2><br>
<p>These 1000 m-high rock faces have seen serious rockfalls in 1950, 1997, 2003, which have considerably affected the structure of the mountain and destroyed a number of routes.</p><br>
<p>Although at the time of the first ascent of the north face (Pierre Allain and R. Leininger on 1 August 1935), Pierre Allain considered the west face to be unclimbable, the team of A. Dagory, Guido Magnone, Lucien Bérardini and Marcel Lainé succeeded on the face in a series of attempts on July 5 and 17–19 July 1952 using considerable artificial aid. From 17–22 August 1955, the Italian climber Walter Bonatti climbed a difficult solo route on the south-west pillar of the Petit Dru (the Bonatti Pillar); this route – like many on the west face – no longer exists in its original state owing to rockfall, the scars of which remain clearly visible from the Chamonix valley. Seven years later, from 24–26 July 1962, Gary Hemming and Royal Robbins climbed the American Direct, a more direct route up the west face than that taken in 1952. On 10–13 August 1965, Royal Robbins, this time accompanied by John Harlin, climbed the American Direttissima. This route was destroyed by the 2005 rockfall.</p><br>
<h2>Summit statue</h2><br>
<p>On 4 September 1913 a party of climbers led by Camille Simond and Roberts Charlet-Straton attempted to carry a hollow metal statue of Our Lady of Lourdes up the peak. The statue, almost a metre high, weighing 13 kilos and made of aluminium, had to be left in a rocky crevice at 3,000 m because of poor weather, and it was only on 18 September 1919 that the statue was finally hoisted to the summit by a party from Argentière: Alfred, Arthur, Camille, Joseph, and Jules-Félicien Ravanel together with the village priest, abbé Alexis Couttin.</p><br>
<p>The T. Goings Building is a late 19th-century commercial building within the boundaries of the Oregon Commercial Historic District in Oregon, Illinois, USA The building is listed as a contributing structure to the overall integrity of the historic district, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. The building, found on Oregon&#39;s North Fourth Street, is an 1895 example of commercial Italianate style, albeit more muted than the other Italianate buildings in the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The T. Goings building was constructed in 1895 and is an example of late Italianate architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>As a late example of Italianate the T. Goings Building lacks the elaborate window detailings of the district&#39;s other Italianate structures. Despite this, the building does have elaborate cornices. The wood cornices have brackets set atop brick piers, with finials atop. They are constructed of clapboard with the brackets and organic appliques in between the piers. The storefronts are historic and include some original doors and cast-iron pilasters.</p><br>
<p>Verde Island Passage is a strait that separates the islands of Luzon and Mindoro, connecting the South China Sea with the Tayabas Bay and the Sibuyan Sea beyond. It is one of the busiest sea lanes in the Philippines because it is the main shipping route between the Port of Manila and the Visayas and Mindanao in the south. Also, many ferries navigate the waters, connecting the surrounding provinces of Batangas, Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro and Romblon.</p><br>
<h2>Diving</h2><br>
<p>The eponymous Verde Island, located right in the center of the strait, is one of the best diving places in the Philippines due to its pristine clear waters and nice under water view. Daily trips for scuba divers are made from Puerto Galera. Sites such as in Puerto Galera offers diving for all types of people from amateur to professional divers. the diving depth is very deep.</p><br>
<p>The wreckage of a Spanish galleon that sunk in 1620 was found in the southern part of this passage. Most of the ancient cargo was salvaged from the wreckage in the late seventies and again in the early 80s. Nothing remains of the wreck except for a few shards of porcelain and some larger pieces of terracota jars. The keel was removed to Puerto Galera for conservation. The conservation was not properly carried out and the remaining timbers were left to rot at a depth of 6 meters in front of Sabang Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Center of the Center of Marine Shorefish Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>A team of marine conservationists declared in 2006 that the Philippines is the Center of Marine Biodiversity in the world and Verde Island Passage as the "Center of the Center of Marine Shorefish Biodiversity".</p><br>
<p>Many threatened species which include sea turtles like hawksbills, olive ridleys, and green turtles; humphead wrasses, giant groupers and giant clams are present in the Verde Island Passage. However, there are no enforcement of ordinances and over-fishing is common. A short-lived park fee scheme for the Verde Island drop-off dive site was soon dropped when it was discovered that the revenue was being used to buy better fishing gear and hence removing fish at a higher rate. Humphead wrasses are especially threatened and divers often go years without spotting a single individual. It was particularly noted the rare red fin wrasse (Cirrhilabrus rubripinnis) thrives in Verde Island. I have personally experienced in 2014 that the tourist levy was in full operation when I landed at Puerto Galera though it is a small amount. The municipalities collect the fee and are responsible for its administration that includes support to community infrastructure around the area.</p><br>
<p>There is a complete moratorium of all types of fishing in the Batangas Bays and around Mindoro island. The fish sold in the markets of Puerto Galera comes from distance places such as Romblon. This is a very healthy sign for the development of the marine diversity and thanks for the municipal councils that administer the fishing ban. However, destructive fishing practices continue in other parts of the strait that should soon be brought under control.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>The other main contributor to sustained marine diversity is the damage caused by commercial vessels and other ferries using the passage on a daily basis. It is common that commercial vehicles discharge various pollutants into the waters on which the municipalities and other local bodies have no control. In stormy times, large vehicles are seen anchoring to the corals in the area causing damage to them. The conservation message has to be put cross to major commercial shipping lines and the crews need to be educated on the diversity of the Verde Passage and the dire need for its protection. there are other major issues that affect the sustainability of the Verde Passage. The heavy use of agro-chemicals (pesticides and chemical fertilizer) in the up-stream of Batangas River and the resultant wash off down the river and finally into the Batangas Bays is a serious issue that warrants attention. The discharge of urban waste and grey water in Puerto Galera and other urban areas into the numerous bays around the passge is yet another major issue. The treatment of grey water and septic effluent is not practiced which is a huge concern. The growing tourism aggravates this problem.</p><br>
<p>The area has more than 300 species of corals, which is considered one of the largest concentrations of corals in the country, or possibly, the whole world. Coral health is generally good, though the effects of global warming and increased pollution, may still lead to a drop in diversity. The Verde Island passage is located next to Batangas Bay which is rapidly becoming a major refining and petrol chemical center in the Philippines. Until now, no infrastructure is in place to contain a major oil, or chemical spill.</p><br>
<h3>Information and awareness</h3><br>
<p>Though the Passage is recognized for its marine diversity, there is hardly any information on this aspect available to tourists. There are no sign boards or any other public educational material available to tourists and the locals. Among several beach and marine users the author interviewed, only a very small number are aware of the diversity and the need for protection of this strait. It is amazing to witness that all organisations such as boat owners/operators, hoteliers, diver association, restaurant and bar association, etc. are fully engaged in regular beach and marine cleaning especially around Oriental Mindoro. Thanks to this action that has resulted in clean beaches and marine eco-system.</p><br>
<p>Castleshaw Roman fort was a castellum in the Roman province of Britannia. Although there is no evidence to substantiate the claim, it has been suggested that Castleshaw Roman fort is the site of Rigodunum, a Brigantian settlement. The remains of the fort are located on Castle Hill on the eastern side of Castleshaw Valley at the foot of Standedge but overlooking the valley. The hill is on the edge of Castleshaw in Greater Manchester. The fort was constructed in c. AD 79, but fell out of use at some time during the 90s. It was replaced by a smaller fortlet, built in c. 105, around which a civilian settlement grew. It may have served as a logistical and administrative centre, although it was abandoned in the 120s.</p><br>
<p>The site has been the subject of antiquarian and archaeological investigation since the 18th century, but the civilian settlement lay undiscovered until the 1990s. The fort, fortlet, and civilian settlement are all protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument, recognising its importance as a "nationally important" archaeological site or historic building, and protecting it against unauthorised change.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The fort and fortlet at Castleshaw are situated on a step of Grindslow shale on the eastern side of Castleshaw Valley below Standedge, part of the Pennine ridge in northern England. From the site there are clear views up and down the valley, although it is overshadowed by higher ground on all sides. It is remote and exposed and lies along the Deva Victrix (Chester) to Eboracum (York) Roman road. The road crosses the Pennines at Standedge where the area dips and narrows, creating a traversable pass which would have been guarded by the Castleshaw fort. There was also possibly a fortlet or signal station at Worlow, between Slack and Castleshaw. The later fortlet is on the same site as the fort.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Roman</h3><br>
<p>The fort at Castleshaw, constructed from turf and timber, was built around 79 and guarded the York to Chester Roman road. The location of the forts granary, stables, the principia (headquarters), the praetorium (commanders tent), and six long narrow buildings which are possibly workshops or storerooms are all known. The fort was small, would probably have been home to around 500 soldiers of an auxiliary cohort, and fell out of use during the mid AD 90s. Rather than allow the defences to fall into potentially hostile hands or be used against Rome, the fort was slighted.</p><br>
<p>The fort was replaced by a fortlet, also built using turf and timber, in AD 105. Although the fortlet was built on the same site as the fort, it did not use the same foundation trenches. The barracks were built to accommodate 48 soldiers and even with administrative staff and officers, the garrison of the fortlet would have numbered less than 100. The first phase was laid out along the same lines as the second phase. A civilian settlement or vicus grew around the fortlet in the early 2nd century. It probably would have been home to those who benefited from trade with the garrison or hangers on of the soldiers. Since it is unlikely that a garrison of under 100 could have supported a vicus, it has been suggested that the fortlet was a commissary fortlet, one which was the administrative and logistical centre of part of the Roman army. With soldiers regularly arriving to collect pay and orders, a vicus could have been supported. The fortlet fell out of use in the mid 120s. The fort and fortlet of Castleshaw were superseded by the neighbouring forts at Manchester and Slack. The vicus was abandoned around the same time as the fortlet fell out of use.</p><br>
<p>According to Ptolemy, there was a polis called Rigodunum belonging to the Brigantes near the position of Castleshaw. Rigodunum means "royal fort". Although it has been suggested that Castleshaw is the location of the Brigantine settlement, there is no evidence to support this. Similar stamps have been found in the forts at Manchester, Slack, and Ebchester, indicating these forts were linked.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Roman</h3><br>
<p>After being abandoned by the Romans, Castleshaw was rediscovered by antiquarian Thomas Percival in 1752. The remains were in good enough condition for him to draw a plan and he commented that he was "pleased to find a double Roman camp". He also remarked that the Roman road from Manchester running east to the Pennines was "the finest remain of a Roman road in England that I ever saw".</p><br>
<p>Under the supervision of the University of Manchester, further excavation was undertaken on the site in 1957–61 and 1963–64. North West Water, then the owners of the site, ensured the area would not be used for agriculture. In an attempt to make the site accessible to the public, the outline of the fort and fortlet was marked out in low mounds and an education centre was set up nearby. Surveys revealed a settlement triangular in shape and to the south of the fort. The vicus is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument with the fort and fortlet.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The fort was rectangular in shape and had sides of 115 m and 100 m, covering an area of approximately 1.2 hectare. The fortlet was built over the south of the fort, making it difficult to discover what lay beneath. It has been possible to however to ascertain that barrack buildings lay on the east side of the fort, a granary on the north, and the principia and praetorium to the south west.</p><br>
<p>The fortlet was rectangular, with sides of 50 m by 40 m, and covered 1,950 m&sup2;. A Punic ditch is a defensive v-shaped ditch with one side much steeper than the other; the ditches surrounding the fortlet had an outer face at 27 degrees and the inner face at 69 degrees. The rampart behind the ditches only survives to 0.5 m at its highest point. It was built from turf on top of sandy clay with a rubble foundation. The fortlet ramparts to the south lay on top of the slighted fort ramparts. Whether corner towers were a feature of the fortlet is unknown, no evidence remains aside from a single posthole, although only the north and east corners survive in good condition. There were two gateways, one to the north and one to the south.</p><br>
<p>A civilian settlement is located to the south of the fortlet&#39;s defences. The extent of the vicus is uncertain, however, test pits have indicated that it probably extends 12 m west to east and between 25 m and 35 m to south.</p><br>
<p>The Izaak Walton Inn is a historic inn in Essex, Montana, USA. It was originally built by the Great Northern Railway in 1939 for lodging railway workers. In addition to railway lodging, the hotel was also originally envisioned to perhaps become an official southern gateway to Glacier National Park, but that plan never materialized. Today, the inn is at the only flag stop along the route of Amtrak&#39;s Empire Builder. A van from the Inn meets both the morning eastbound and the evening westbound Empire Builders to convey passengers between the Essex station and the Inn.</p><br>
<p>The Tudor Revival inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The inn has 33 rooms for rent within the inn itself, with some other space available in refurbished cabooses, EMD F45 Diesel Locomotive 441, etc. It is privately owned. The Izaak Walton Inn is open year round, except for several weeks during the off season.</p><br>
<p>Foremark Reservoir  is a reservoir in South Derbyshire owned by Severn Trent which is also a 230 acre nature reserve open to the public for walking, fishing, bird watching and horse riding. It is also the base for Burton Sailing Club. It is supplied from water from the River Dove and it was constructed in the 1970s. The reservoir is accessible from the road between Milton and Ticknall. It is north of Ashby-de-la-Zouch and close to Ingleby, Swadlincote and Willington. It is part of the National Forest. Admission is free, but there is a charge for the use of the car park.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The reserve has boasted 27 different varieties of butterfly including the large skipper, the speckled wood, white-letter hairstreak, small copper, holly blue and the brown argus. The reservoir is stocked with trout and is available for angling between the end of March and the middle of December. One reason for the plentiful fish might be the large abundance of aquatic invertebrates - including dragonfly larvae, water boatman, great diving beetles (and larvae), pond skaters, water scorpions and silver diving beetles.</p><br>
<p>The Medina Railroad Museum is a railroad museum located at 530 West Avenue in Medina, New York, which is northeast of Buffalo and northwest of Rochester.</p><br>
<p>The museum is housed in one of the largest standing wooden freight depots, built in 1905. The museum is open Tuesday through Sunday, 11:00 am to 5:00 pm.</p><br>
<p>Its exhibits feature interactive displays, 6000 artifacts, memorabilia, photos, toys and a model railroad, all relating to the railroads of western New York. It also includes a collection of historic fire fighting equipment.</p><br>
<p>The museum sponsors passenger excursion train trips on a seasonal schedule as well as hosting an annual (May) Thomas the Tank Engine, Day Out with Thomas events.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 the boundaries of the village&#39;s Main Street Historic District were redrawn to include the building as a contributing property after research established that it was related to other buildings in that district.</p><br>
<p>The Ha-Iltzuk Icefield is an icefield in the central Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. It is the largest icefield in the Coast Mountains south of the Alaska Panhandle, with an area of 3,610 km&sup2;. It is located on the west side of the Klinaklini River and the Waddington Range. The highest summit in the icefield is Mount Silverthrone, which is a mountain on the northeast edge of a circular, 20 km wide, deeply dissected caldera complex called the Silverthrone Caldera.</p><br>
<p>The southern half of the icefield is named the Silverthrone Glacier and flows west, joining the Klinaklini Glacier just above that glacier&#39;s terminus, where its outflow is short but very large, and joins the Klinaklini River within a few kilometres. The Klinaklini Glacier constitutes the northern half of the icefield, and off its northwest edge a glacial tongue produces the head of the Machmell River. The name Ha-Iltzuk Icefield does not appear in government gazettes. The term is almost certainly a phonetic spelling of hailtzaq - the Heiltsuk language pronunciation for the term Heiltsuk.</p><br>
<p>Sarektjåkkå is the second highest mountain in Sweden and the highest mountain in the Laponian area at 2.089 kilometers  AMSL. The mountain is located close to the eastern border of Sarek National Park, about 23 kilometres south-west of Suorva.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Sarektjåkkå is not easily accessible by any nearby roads, so the approach normally takes a day or more of backcountry hiking.</p><br>
<p>Accessing the north summit, at 2.056 kilometers altitude, is a moderate but steep hike up. The actual summit (Stortoppen) is located about 600 metres southwest of the north summit via a ridge and is not as easy to reach, requiring exposed scrambling. An alternative route is to scale the summit from the south by merely steep hiking, but this requires crossing glaciers.</p><br>
<p>Lynn Woods Reservation  is a 2,200 acre municipal forest park located in Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts. The City of Lynn&#39;s Department of Public Works, Park Commission and Lynn Water & Sewer Commission share jurisdiction and management of Lynn Woods Reservation. The park encompasses nearly one-fifth of the entire land area of the city and represents a significant natural, watershed and public recreational resource in eastern Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The entire portion of the reservation with Lynn city bounds was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as a historic district. (A small portion of the park is actually in neighboring Saugus.)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The northwestern part of Lynn has long been public land, its southern sections used as pasture land as early as the 18th century. Breeds Pond, at the southern end of the reservation, was dammed for industrial use in the 1840s, and Dungeon Rock became a tourist attraction in the 1850s. Demands for improved water supply (for both consumption and fire suppression) in the 1860s led to organized activities to conserve the woodlands surround Breeds and Walden Ponds. In 1881 the Trustees for the Free Public Forest were established to oversee the area. They were folded into a newly organized Lynn Parks Department in 1889 to manage 1,600 acre of water supply and park land in the reservation; this grew to the current 2,200 acre in 1892. The Happy Valley Golf Course was developed in the 1930s, as was the road and trail network that covers the park.</p><br>
<p>Naples Creek is a stream in San Mateo County, California, United States that rises on the western slopes of the Santa Cruz Mountains and discharges to the Pacific Ocean. The specific point of discharge is onto Naples Beach, a unit of the Half Moon Bay State Beach. This watercourse runs through the city of Half Moon Bay, which municipality has planning jurisdiction over the creekside area within its city boundaries. In the Open Space Element of Half Moon Bay&#39;s General Plan, Naples Creek is designated to have significant wetland and riparian zone biotic resources.</p><br>
<p>The city of Half Moon Bay is proposing a trail along Naples Creek to expand on the recreational use of this natural resource. The area near the Mouth of Naples Creek is already in public ownership and is traversed by the coastside public trail along the low-lying blufftop. Further upstream along the banks of Naples Creek, the lower reach banks are in public ownership as within the right-of-way of Guerrero Avenue resources. The city recognizes the entire riparian area as an important open space resource and is considering re-zoning to open space the entire passage of the stream through the Half Moon Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Naples Creek rises in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains at an approximate headwaters elevation of over 400 feet and runs southwest through agricultural land and urban developed areas in the lower reach to the Pacific Ocean. Regionally, both the surface water and the groundwater flow with the slope of the terrain, that is, from the northeast to the southwest. Groundwater in the lower reach has been found at 20 to 80 feet below the surface in unconsolidated Quaternary marine terrace deposits and in unconsolidated Quaternary alluvium. There are few groundwater barriers in the vicinity of the mouth of Naples Creek, a circumstance giving rise to local salt water intrusion. Chlorides exceeding 100 parts per million in groundwater were found in the early 1970s along this part of Half Moon Bay State Beach. Near the mouth of Naples Creek the banktop elevation varies between an elevation ranging from 30 to 40 feet above mean sea datum.</p><br>
